Analysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay -- Papers Poem Po

Analysis of The alley non Taken by Robert Frost?The Road Not Taken? (1916) tells of someone faced with two of life?s decisions however only one can be chosen. Whichever road is taken will be final and will determine the direction that their life takes. Frost drives this poem by a calm and collective narrative, spoken by the traveler of the diverged roads. Who is utter with himself trying to convince himself of which road is the better choice. Frost wrote this poem using standard, modern language. In zephyr one Frost introduces the diverging roads, which are his of import metaphors.Diverging being the key word in this line because it suggests that the traveler must make a choice. Line two the speaker expresses his grief of non being able to travel both. Yet, the choice is not easy, since ?long I stood? (1.3) before coming to a decision. The next two lines examines the path as shell as he can, only his vision is limited because the path bends and is covered over. This indicates that the speaker would like to know more about this road but is prevented by the immediate environment. Six through eight seems to be suggesting that the second path mentioned is a more attractive choice because it appears to have not been travelled belatedly. However, he seems to contradict himself since he also describes the path as being ?just as fair? as the first rather than better. Although the poet breaks after line ten, the main idea continues into the third stanza, creating a link between these parts of the poem. Here the speaker states that the paths are ?really about the same.?(2.10). Neither path has recently been traveled, although he is searching fro a clear logical reason to decide one path over the other, he cannot find a suitable reason. Lin... ...ng were clear. ?The Road Not Taken? was far from complex, its metaphor was blatant and the word traveler left no room for assumption as to what the speaker was referring. I determine with the theme immediately and beca use we are all faced with important choices in life, I was able to relate to Frost. The poem was psychological because it dealt with thoughts. Through out the total poem the speaker held an internal conversation. His choices where entirely thought through by himself. It was definitely a psychological narrative. This poem in its condensed state contains a quandary of everyday life choices. Bringing forth the sometimes-harsh reality that, whichever decision is made ultimately makes all the difference.Works CitedFrost, Robert. The Poetry of Robert Frost The Collected Poems, Complete and Unabridged.New York. heat content Holt and Company, Inc. 1979.

Selling Products versus Images :: Marketing Advertising Commercials Ads

Products or Images?What are they unfeignedly selling? If an alien were shown an advertisement and asked to describe what product that grumpy company were selling, in or so cases the alien would not know. The reason that the product itself would be unclear is that it is not actually being shown because the product is not what is most appealing to the consumer. The ideal or find out that is most likely projected is the attention grabber. The fantasy that is being put forth by the company is what the consumer is really investing in. People like to acquire things that represent what they admire or respect. Products and reproachs have symbolic meanings and project certain images (Mehta, page 82) in the case of the ENYCE brand of clothing the ad portrays an image of living in an inner city and leading an urban lifestyle.It shows young attractive individuals who appear to be cool, relaxed and enjoying themselves. The men seem tough and strong, while the women look stylish a nd comfortable. The reason that the clothes that are being sold are not simply shown on their own, is because people buy the image they wish to express to others. Individuals prefer products that match their self-concept since these purchases provide a means of self-expression. (Mehta, page 82) If a person wishes to project an image of being cool, tough, self-assured and relaxed in the city than they could relate to this ENYCE ad and wish to buy the products, regardless to what the product looks like. The person is not, however, investing into the quality of the clothes or the affordability, but the linkup of being cool or happy. This reason is why companies have turned to using a fantasy or image to sell their products. Value-expressive attributes or image of the product rather than functional attributes and informational claims are often used in advertising. (Mehta, page 81) Products often promote things that are valued by everyone such as happiness, romance, sex and o ther things that most people desire. Images often vary as product images do, but many of them play on what that target population wants as a whole. Everyone wants to be happy and self confident in everything they do, and this can be seen in ads of every kind.

Comparison Between “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Tell-Tale Heart”

Edgar Allan Poe is known for some of the most horrifying stories ever written finished out time. He worked with the natural world, animals, and weather to create chilling literature. Two most notable thrillers are The Cask of Amontillado and The Tell-Tale Heart. Poe was infatuated with death, disfigurement, and dark characteristics of the world. He could mix characters, setting, theme,and mood in a way that readers are automatically drawn into reading. Both of these short stories have the same major aspects in common. The narrators in twain works prove to be similar in several ways. In The Tell-Tale Heart the story is told through a psycho narrator both stories contain apparent psychological imbalances within their story tellers, -his central character or narrator so psychologically obsessed with a mysterious phenomenon that everything in the story irresistibly revolves around it...(May, Charles E.) There really is no motive for the murder of the old man just his eye that he canno t stand. He repeats himself frequently, exhausting to assure the reader, and himself, that he is sane leading to believe he may not be psychologically stable. In The Cask of Amontillado the narrator can in addition be considered a mad man by the way he plays games with his victim. Montressor says to Fortunato that they should go home because his health is precious. This conversation is ironic because Montressor does not really trust to protect Fortunatos health, except to kill him in the catacombs. Both of the narrators are proud of their murders and brag about them within the stories. Not only are the narrators similar but the settings are alike once the murders take place, both locations of the victims are buried in a dark place with no escape. I... ...tedBaraban, Elena V. The Motive for Murder in The Cask of Amontillado. Rocky Mountain Review 58.2 (Fall 2004) 47-62. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Vol. 111. Detroit Gale, 2008. belles-lettres Resources from Gale. Web. 7 Dec. 2010.Benton, Richard P. The Cask of Amontillado Overview. Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit St. James Press, 1994. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 3 Dec. 2010.Chua, John. An overview of The Tell-Tale Heart,. Gale Online Encyclopedia. Detroit Gale, 2010. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 7 Dec. 2010.May, Charles E. The Tell-Tale Heart Overview. Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit St. James Press, 1994. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 7 Dec. 2010.Valiunas, Algis. No to Poe. Commentary 127.1 (2009) 42+. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 7 Dec. 2010.

Bus Transport Essay -- Economics

Bus TransportA) The nature of the competition in the bus transport market is veryspecific. The article suggests competition is used to financial backing out newentrants to the market thus maintaining market share for the largerfirms, active competition takes place between small operators orbetween a large and a small operator.Further evidence suggests the competition was not of substantialbenefit to the consumer and only used to get one over on the firmsrivals, more services run on routes which where already reasonablywell serviced. However some methods of competition showed reasonablebenefits to consumers, charged lower fares than the incumbent. Yetin the long run predatory pricing is not a good thing, as it exiteventually push out competition, creating a monopoly where the price go away soon go back up again.Non-price competition is lacking in the market, difficult forsuppliers to differentiate their products. As long as the price isreasonable consumers will act on which service requires them to waitfor the shortest amount of time, i.e. the first bus to arrive or themost reliable service, not prepared to wait for a later bus whichmaybe more comfortable.Cumulatively this type of competition in a market has negativeeffects, can lead to congestion, pollution, and instability ofservices. thumping companies that actively compete are likely to looseout in the long run due to the nature of the Kinhed demand curvetheory suffering, as...

The Mystery of What is Normal Essay -- Normality Family Essays

The Mystery of What is NormalIn order to think active whether some matchlesss family is familiar or not, you would obtain to consider many factors.Normal in what sense of the word?What aspect of the family ar we considering the normality? be we talk about the familys culture, quality of living, habits, the way that the present themselves, or are we just comparing them to the people next door?Are we talking about the normality of the family at face value or are we asking about the normality of that family which only members of that family have experienced?There are so many definitions of the word normal.Finding a definition of the word normal depends on the persons definition of what he or she thinks normal immorals. In the dictionary, it states that the definition of normal is Conforming with, adhering to, or constituting a norm, standard, pattern, level, or type typical.But the word itself has a wide range of meanings.It can mean whats accepted, average, just like bothone els e, or just not sticking out in the crowd just to name a few. We all have different perceptions of what the word normal means, and what is considered to be different.This perception is always changing and is affected by everything around us.If you ask a person what is normal one day, and then ask him again in about a month, that person will probably give an entirely different answer.The word normal is, in the most part, has opinionated definition.It varies from person to person, and changes dramatically as each person learns, experiences and accepts new things. Now that that has all been said, how can I consider if my family is normal or not?If the definition of the word normal varies from person to person, my answer to the ... ...devil cat?How many people have a father with an explosive discomfort?How many people have a mother who is a supervisor in a party plan?Im sure that every person has a family that has differences that ranges from beliefs to habits to any experience of even the smallest significance. The strongest word that I would use to compare anyones family is the word similar.No family is normal.I myself have a hard time using the word normal.The only way that a family could be considered as normal is if every family was exactly alike, and alike in everyway possible.There is no true definition of the word normal in a society where whats frowned upon one day is commonplace the next, and vice versa. Works CitedBass, Randal. Borders as Barriers discreteness and Difference. Bordrtext Cultural Reading for Contemporary Writers. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1999. 205-210

Merleau-Ponty on Beauvoirs Literary-Philosophical Method :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Merleau-Ponty on Beauvoirs Literary-Philosophical MethodABSTRACT Modern philosophy from the mid-nineteenth century on, has been curiously interested in choosing, adapting, and in some cases inventing literary forms to fit the character referenceicular philosophical subject under investigation. Simone de Beauvoir, with her explicit rejection of any formalist division between literature and philosophy, is one of the most interesting contributors to the young development of philosophical writing. The waters surrounding de Beauvoirs contribution to philosophical method are somewhat muddled because the literary forms she used innovatively for philosophy the sweet and the short story have (unlike, for example, the literary forms of Wittgenstein) resulted in writing which has been chiefly esteemed largely in terms of literature. In fact, many of her compositions rest simultaneously in both the categories of literature and philosophy. The significance of this aspect of her turn was r ecognized by some of her contemporary philosophical associates, most give outicularly Merleau-Ponty. This paper draws on Merleau-Ponty to explore the philosophical ideas which inspired de Beauvoirs methodology, and considers the nature and ramifications of her originality in terms of philosophys tradition of methodological diversity. 1. Philosophys Literary FormsIn this paper we necessity to examine a category error in which her fiction and philosophy are treated as mutually exclusive and separate categories. The underlying puzzle at work in contributing to this mistake is that of the conflation of a writerly form with the type of subject matter addressed by it. Falling into this confusion is particularly misleading for readers of Simone de Beauvoir because one of the most significant and fascinating aspects of her methodology lies in her explicit rejection of any formalist division between literature and philosophy. This is an intriguing aspect of her work which places it in an honourable and innovative philosophical position. It is not often enough noted that one part of the Western philosophical tradition a part which is especially admirable is the diversity of writerly forms which have proved useful to its major practitioners. The dialogues of Plato and Hume, the fables of the Enlightenment philosophers, the dramatic narratives of Kierkegaard, the parables and aphorisms of Nietzsche, as well as the essays of Kant and Sartre are all part of that heritage. Equally, the mathematicians paper used by Tarski and Russell, and the scientific paper adapted and made so fashionable by the logical positivists, and that strange literary form devised by Wittgenstein, so eccentric that it apparently remains without a name and yet has its antecedent in Spinozas Ethics, all form part of the major lineage of slipway in which philosophy has been successfully written.

Merleau-Ponty on Beauvoirs Literary-Philosophical Method :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Merleau-Ponty on Beauvoirs Literary-Philosophical MethodABSTRACT Modern philosophy from the mid-nineteenth century on, has been particularly interested in choosing, adapting, and in some cases inventing literary forms to fit the particular philosophical subject under investigation. Simone de Beauvoir, with her explicit rejection of any formalist division between belles-lettres and philosophy, is one of the around interesting contributors to the modern development of philosophical writing. The amniotic fluid surrounding de Beauvoirs contribution to philosophical method are somewhat muddled because the literary forms she used innovatively for philosophy the novel and the short story defy (unlike, for example, the literary forms of Wittgenstein) resulted in writing which has been chiefly esteemed largely in terms of literature. In fact, many of her compositions rest simultaneously in both the categories of literature and philosophy. The significance of this aspect of her work wa s recognized by some of her contemporary philosophical associates, most particularly Merleau-Ponty. This paper draws on Merleau-Ponty to explore the philosophical ideas which stir de Beauvoirs methodology, and considers the nature and ramifications of her originality in terms of philosophys tradition of methodological novelty. 1. Philosophys Literary FormsIn this paper we want to examine a course of study error in which her fiction and philosophy are treated as mutually exclusive and separate categories. The underlying problem at work in contributing to this mistake is that of the conflation of a writerly form with the type of subject matter addressed by it. Falling into this confusion is particularly misleading for readers of Simone de Beauvoir because one of the most significant and fascinating aspects of her methodology lies in her explicit rejection of any formalist division between literature and philosophy. This is an intriguing aspect of her work which places it in an hono urable and innovative philosophical position. It is not often enough noted that one part of the Western philosophical tradition a part which is especially admirable is the diversity of writerly forms which have proved useful to its major practitioners. The dialogues of Plato and Hume, the fables of the Enlightenment philosophers, the dramatic narratives of Kierkegaard, the parables and aphorisms of Nietzsche, as well as the essays of Kant and Sartre are all part of that heritage. Equally, the mathematicians paper used by Tarski and Russell, and the scientific paper adapted and made so fashionable by the logical positivists, and that strange literary form devised by Wittgenstein, so eccentric that it obviously remains without a name and yet has its antecedent in Spinozas Ethics, all form part of the major lineage of ways in which philosophy has been successfully written.

Reflective Statement The Great Gatsby Essay

The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is said to be one of the greatest American novels of the last century, not solo for its tale of hope and disillusion, but also for the way it portrayed the spirit of the 1920s.The information from the presentations made me realize that the characters in the story werent well(p) any upperclass they were the social and cultural upperclass of the world. The presentations also made me develop my understanding of the background of their arrogant and lavish behavior. They were born into the old elite and were stupendously replete in the wealthiest country in the world. They lived profuse lives in a careless post-war time with mass media covering their lives in the tabloids. Another factor that contributed to this feeling of world superior must have been the lack of authorities and strong politicians. As the economy ran itself and the politicians were incompetent, the cultural elite were literally on top of the world. They distanced themselves from institutions and history and lived their lives in a social bubble, respecting only those who were a part of their class.The imagine of being famous and glamourous bloomed in the 1920s and was distributed to the public through the mass media. The dream was available for everyone, and people strived to become a part of the cultural elite. The main characters in The Great Gatsby were already there, as a natural part of the scene. They lived voluptuary and careless lives, following the latest trends, listening to the new music and attending extravagant parties.From the presentations I also learned about modernist literature. A significant quality of this genre is the break with traditions and the search for an absolute truth and a meaning of life elsewhere. The upperclass seemed to have lost their meaning in life in their extravagant lifestyle. Previously I had not given the social context too much thought, and without the information from the presentations, I may would just have seen the tragic experience story of the book, and not how the book is a picture of and a comment to the 1920s life.

My Leadership Style Essay

According to the leadership assessment, I am more of labor movement-oriented leader than a people-oriented leader, though I scored high in both areas, therefore I eat up a healthy balance of both which is important for a leader in any company. My leadership ardor allows me to get my work completed in an organized fashion, plot being open to other ideas I rotter accent on the small projects while continuing to see the big(p) picture or vision. Because I score higher(prenominal) on the task-oriented side, I can be more autocratic in my thinking. This will limit my ability to show my apathy for my staff and employees Furthermore, I am also a transformational and magnetized leader. I am most trenchant in smaller organizations that have direct interactions with my staff. According to Robbins, this helps to make me effective as a leader, which will give a company low turnover, higher productivity, lower employee stress, and burnout, and higher employee satisfaction. Furthermore, R obbins shared that this leadership style is not effective with those who are highly individualistic and do not readily cede decision-making authority. Since I am able to communicate with my staff the expectations, visions ad engage my staff, I also have a Charismatic leadership style. I continuously focus on the end goal, big picture and tie that big picture to the work of my staff, making it attainable to my staff. One of the major downsides to charismatic leadership is that it can be situational, accord to Robbins.Role in CompanyThe role I would care to pursue within the company is that of a managerial supervisor. According to Robbins, organizations shoot strong leadership andstrong management for optimal effectiveness. I feel that because I have leadership and managerial traits and characteristics, I would be a bulky candidate for that particular role. In a managerial supervisory role, I am a direct leader. I work directly with my staff on a one-on-one basis and in a team for mat I will have more influence directly on my staff. As the managerial supervisor, I am able to support, recognize, develop, plan, and coach/mentor my staff while monitoring, setting goals, and overseeing day to day operations. This is evident because of my healthy balance of task and people orientation.Leadership theories applicable to my leadership approachThe Big Five Trait Leadership Theory is applicable to my leadership approach because research has shown that the big five personality factors are strong indicators for job success and performance. I scored high in the areas of extroversion and conscientiousness. The positive factors about scoring high on conscientiousnesss is that overall, those with high marks in this area have better job performance and those are more reliable, thorough, organized, angle to plan, and persistent according to the assessment. These traits are consisted with those of task-oriented leaders. However, the Leadership Substitute Theory would be counter indicated for the areas of subordinate, task, and group/organizational characteristics. This is because my staff could need little direction from me as their supervisor if they have extensive experience. Also, when staff repeats their task over and over, they become proficient and dont need feedback, but are building their own motivation. As a task-oriented, transformational, and charismatic leader, I would struggle more with staff who are more independent or did not work well in the group. I like to give freedom to my staff, but my style makes it necessary to know what is going on in the jobs at all times.ConclusionMy leadership style is transformational, charismatic with my main focus on task-oriented management. I work hard to inspire my staff, while also meeting deadlines. I focus better when Im working with a team rather than individuals who do their own thing. Research has shown that my leadershipstyle is an asset to many companies if utilized in the right way. This is where fore I would like a position that allows me to shine, take the lead of a team, while focusing on the companies big picture.ReferencesRobbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed.). Upper rouse River, NJ Pearson Education. Yuki, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th Ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education.

Using Grounded Theory Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in Analysing Value Creation in Houses of Culture Projects in Sweden

The build & tender purlieu Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Using Grounded system Methodology and voluminous Picture Diagrams in analysing Value Creation in Houses of Culture Projects in Sweden Laurell Stenlund, K. Kristina. emailprotected se Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden Abstract What kind of c ar for does a reality edifice for cultural activities create for clients, spin professionals and users? One commence to understand the complexity of ongoing lickes over time is by identifying comfort-adding activities in construct processes.However, take to be added activities atomic get 18 strong to analyse e limitedly when interrelated to resources that have an immaterial character, e. g. knowledge, know how and social relations. Based on an indepth baptismal font aim of stakeholders evaluation of a twirl throw away, grounded hypothesis methodological analysis (GTM) and rich double diagrams (RPD) were used in analysing stakeholder and end-user value. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with actors, unexclusive client, go for motorcoach, graphic designer, contractor, employee and visitors of the building and during a store with interpretive programs for unalike stakeholder groups.The results from the compend show that building a house of culture creates stakeholders and end-users value that net be categorised into human, systemal and social swell. The strength of combining GTM and RPD is demonstrated in its baron to read complex organisational structures and relations between different actors, and specific as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a look look with more than stakeholders with different relates and value. Keywords case study, grounded viable action method, intellectual capital, rich get word diagramsIntroduction Discussions during the last few years (e. g. Egan 1998 Finch 2000 Spencer and Winch 2002 Saxon 2005) have shown that integrating design and wrench pot entially delivers better value for money as well as better buildings, particularly when attention is paid to the full costs of a building over its whole lifetime. research on how buildings deliver better value for money during their lifetime involves complex data analysis of activities and processes. Value-adding activities consist of complex building processes performed over time.A condition for activities to be value-added is that they ar supported by resources that ar utilised and develop in a positive way (Laurell Stenlund and Horte, 1999). fit in to the resource-establish view, the resources that be difficult to imitate and replace create a competitive advantage to companies (e. g. Penrose, 1959 Grant, 1991 Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). The characteristics of these resources are described as dynamic organisational capabilities (Dosi et al. , 2008). However, value-added activities are more difficult to analyse. Resources that are immaterial, e. g. knowledge, know-how and soci al relations (e. g.Sveiby, 1997 Edvinsson and Malone, 1997) are difficult to 17 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 describe and measure. Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) argue that rich picture diagrams are tools suitable for analysing complex building processes. The purpose with this paper is to describe how grounded theory method (GTM) and rich picture diagrams (RPD) were used in analysing stakeholder and end-user value when maturation and constructing houses of culture. Empirical evidence is developed from a single in-depth case study where data was collected by interviews, archives, instruments and during a workshop.In the next section GTM and RPD methods are discussed in relation to the case study. The results from the analyses are finally presented and concluded. Theories and General Conclusions from Case Studies A researchers choice of methodology is not only a return of strategy. Researchers argue that their Weltanschauung (ontology, i. e. o ur view on how the world is constructed) and opinion of how knowledge is developed (epistemology) are behind the planned or unplanned choice of methodology and research methods.Management studies involves peoples decisions and activities and are thus influenced by rules and structures built in society as well as in the specific organisation. The constancy and the context of the studied processes are therefore important to consider (Chroneer and Laurell-Stenlund, 2006). The specific structure of grammatical construction industry, mainly project oriented organisations must find separate solutions and concepts for improving performance and efficiency according to Segerstedt and Olofsson (2010).Inter-firm processes in construction industry could be identified by the supply duress and ne tworks consisting of different supplying construction companies, e. g. architectural offices and contracting firms, engaged in the early phases of the construction project (Brochner and Kadefors, 201 0 Segerstedt and Olofsson, 2010). In the early phases of a construction project, these inter-firm processes may create a fictive chaos developing revolutionary ideas of buildings and constructions. According to Gray and Hughes (2001), the collaboration between individuals is a part of the wider collaboration between firms in the construction sector.Describing and developing a deeper understanding of these networks also requires new research methods. Case studies are commonly accepted in management studies. Yin (1994) argues that a case study with one or more cases and with different methods for data collection, both quantitative and qualitative, can be theorised and generalised. A single case study makes it possible to capture different angles and perspectives in depth found on an inductive research strategy open for uninflected generalisation and implications from a theoretical perspective rather than comparison with early(a) cases (Eisenhardt, 1989).Selection of the Case The case presented in this study is selected by the uniqueness of the building itself according to its special functional design and conditions of combining different cultural activities in one building involving art professionals with different goals. The House of Culture in Lulea was selected repayable to the researchers access to data as well as to the interest from the popular client and the construction professionals. Previous studies (for example Short et al. 007) have discussed how arts clients require additional commitment from construction professionals. Building a house of culture is in this sense an interesting cultural construction project to study. Qualitative Research Based on GTM Qualitative data analyses with GTM are here applied to describe regularities and sequences (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) for certain building projects in a given situation creating common knowledge within a specific area. 18 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010Gro unded theory was developed in the 60s by Glaser and Strauss in social medicine (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). After a couple of years, Glaser and Strauss went in two different directions. Strauss revised the methods where data was interpreted by the researcher (Alvesson and Skoldberg, 2000). Glaser, on the new(prenominal) hand, continued to develop the classic grounded theory with analytical methods for qualitative data coding with an inductive approach but also including methods for deduction and abduction, i. e. methods for developing and testing theories (Glaser, 1992).Grounded theory refers to the result of employ grounded theory method according to Bryant and Charmaz (2007). The results should be traceable back to the verifiable data and the studied phenomena (Sutrisna and Barrett, 2007). In this paper GTM is applied with an inductive approach (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The purpose of using GTM in this study was to investigate what kind of stakeholder value is created when bui lding a house of culture. Stakeholder value is the key fruit variable in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process.Data collection and data analysis based GTM Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used in the case study. The total data collection was broad and open based on several methods, i. e. integrative focus groups, participatory observations, archive data, documents, semi-structured interviews and a survey (Yin, 1994, p. 80). According to the Swedish principle of free access to public records all archive data from the construction project was available and could be analysed.The analyses presented in this paper are mainly based on 17 semi-structured interviews with actors with different interest in the construction project, building documents and data from a workshop with internal and external stakeholders (Table 1, Appendix). The interviews were put down and transcribed. After transcription, the interviews were analysed by coding the respondents activities chronologically in building processes. The interviewed respondents were belonging to different stakeholder groups with different roles in the construction sector as well as in society.Internal stakeholders, active in the construction sector may on the one hand act as clients, financiers and users, on the demand side, and on the other hand act as architects, engineers, contractors and materials suppliers, on the supply side, in the specific construction project (Winch, 2002, p. 67). out-of-door stakeholders also have a direct interest in the project and can be broken down into private actors (e. g. local residents) and public actors (e. g. local government) (ibid. ). In Table 1 the respondents are presented unneurotic with their stakeholder classification and role in the project by their title.Table 1 Data collection the House of Culture Semi-structured interviews, no 17 Internal stakeholder/Public client-municipality Mu nicipal commissioner (Cmc080401) Municipal employee (Cme070905) Project manager (Chp080117) Participants, Workshop 20090331 Client Municipal commissioner (Cmc) Client/End-user Municipal Culture Chairman (CEcc) Secondary data Feasibility study A 2002-08-15 19 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Project leader (Cpl080220)Client/End-user Cultural manager (CEcm) Client/End-user Municipal Technical moderate (CEtc) Client Project manager (Chp) conceptioner Architect (DA) Constructor Manager construction caller-out (Com) Constructor Project leader in construction company (Cop) Industry The Swedish Construction Federation, Region North (BI) End-user Concert Hall manager (Echm) End-user Art Hall manager (Eam) Feasibility study B whitethorn 2003 Internal stakeholder/Municipal and cultural organisations Cultural manager (CEcm070601,080117,080925) Library manager (Elm081006) Concert Hall manager (Echm081005) Art Hall manager (Eam081015) Planning document 20 03-12-22Project directive 2003-10-20 External stakeholder/Contractor Manager construction company (Com071004) Project leader in construction company (Cop080930) Brief for architectural competition 2003-12-22 External stakeholder/Designer Architect (DA081002) End-user Tourist manager (Etm2) End-user 2 Peoples Parks and Community Centres (Eppc) End-user Orchestra member (Epo) External stakeholder/ End-user 2 citizens (Eci) Commercial organisations Tourist manager (Etm081022) Business manager (Ebm081023) End-user/Citizens, public and visitors Orchestra member (Epo070905), Public (Eci, 2090330) Reference Group MeetingsThe public client as well as the construction professionals participated in the process of evaluating the effects of the construction project and the use of the building. They participated in so called reference group meetings and focus group interviews. During the research project four reference group meetings were carried out with two representative from the public clie nt one initiating the project and one internal end-user of the building, one representative from the construction company, two representatives from construction industry and one representative from a non-profit cultural organisation together with three academic researchers.During these meetings the first evaluation results were presented and discussed. The relevance of the results was discussed and new questions developed for further investigations. 20 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Focus Group Interviews The empirical data was first coded and summarized and then confirmed and discussed by the practitioners. The focus group interviews were conducted more specific regarding a subject where the participants were asked a question that was answered individual in the group, by each of the respondents and then discussed within the group.The five focus group interviews were performed in accordance with the reference group meetings and one at another t ime. Workshop A workshop was performed with respondents representing the stakeholders of the construction project as presented in Table 1. The workshop consisted of two parts. The first was to present the results from the descriptive analysis of the construction project to implement the results back to construction industry. The second part was to develop a tommyrot line of the construction project based on the stakeholders advantageful factors describing the success of the building.Open coding First Level From the data analysis based on the interviews, a tosh of the building process come outd. This story was built by the respondents and confirmed by all respondents when summarized in a case study report (Laurell Stenlund, 2010). deep down this story different activities were specifically mentioned by different actors due to their significant influence on the performance of the construction projects as well as on the effects of the final building according to the respondents. These activities were confirmed by archive data and found in the construction projects documentation.There are different views about how categories emerge from the analysis, e. g. let the data talk or if the researcher is shaping the categories (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). In this study, no specific and objective theoretical frameworks were ready to pick. They were instead developed during analysis. mark was in the first step based on a preliminary theoretical framework consisting of different phases of the building process. The activities were then categorised, based on their empirical characteristic, first in relation to the different stages in the construction project, e. . communication during design between architect and library manager and secondly in themes due to their organisational belonging, i. e. the content of the activity, for example, communication regarding specific functional solutions within the library between the architect and the library manager strategical bri efing during the design phase. The resulted value-adding activities are presented in Table 2 below. Table 2 Value-adding activities in building houses of culture Activities in the briefing process related to strategic briefing The feasibility study 2002 and 2003 a. he rejection of the first proposal consisting of private and public investors in the construction project b. the developing of the second proposal of combining different cultural activities in one building The political decisions 2003 a. political agreement on building a new house for the existing public library, the public art aim and a new concert hall 21 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 b. political initiatives of starting the construction project The development of the project directives with requirement regarding a. ost b. time c. responsibilities The development of the strategic brief a. overall vision and goals for the building and building performance b. end-users functional requirements, needs and desires c. go criteria for participating in the architectural competition d. order-winning criteria for the architect The clients procurement decision a. design-bid-build based on a architectural competition b. architect creating a design team with client c. contractors relation to client during construction Open coding Second LevelThe second analysis was based on a preliminary theoretical framework (Values surrounding the House of Culture, developed from Boyd and Chinyio, 200680) where the clients requirements were coded to different stakeholder groups, and stakeholders value were coded in relation to project and product (Laurell Stenlund et al. , 2009). Coding into rich picture diagrams and general themes The third categorisation was an analysis of the value-adding activities performed by actors within the construction project as well as by end-users in the final building.Here the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) were applied when c oding the data into the rich picture diagram for further analysis of developed intellectual capital. This analysis is presented in the following section. Intellectual capital in rich picture diagrams Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) found that the use of the multiple case study approach was in agreement with the principles of GTM, i. e. that it relies on multiple sources and constant comparison of empirical data for the purpose of theory building.However, when using multiple case studies and GTM, the cross-case analysis can be found overwhelming and difficult to grasp all at once, according to Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Therefore the rich picture diagram is suggested by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) as an analytical tool in data analysis and here applied when analysing the development of intellectual capital in construction projects. 22 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Rich picture diagrams Firstly, the value-adding activities of the successful constr uction project, were used as a basis to develop a rich picture diagram.The activities were coded in accordance with the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Secondly, the results from the workshop were included into the rich picture diagram. During the workshop, each stakeholder representative presented their three most important success factors, written on post-it-notes in four dimensions, namely strategic with external (market) perspective strategic with internal (vision and financing) perspective operating(a) with external (customer) perspective and operational with internal (organisational and cost) perspective.For the purpose of the workshop, the four dimensions were related to the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). The notes were then transformed into the same rich picture diagram as the story line of the construction project. Intellectual Capital The intellectual capital sticker consists of identifying financial, human, social, custo mer and organisational value (Sveiby, 1997). Identifying and visualizing intellectual capital are problematic and discussed for many years. Research with focus on intellectual capital started intensively during the 90s within the field of accounting.The Balanced Scorecard, developed by Kaplan and Norton (1993), The Intangible Assets Monitor, developed by Sveiby (1997) and The Skandia IC mannequin with the worlds first public intellectual capital annual report, as a supplement to the financial report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997), are examples of management models categorising, beat and valuing companies tangible and intangible resources and assets. Edvinsson and Malone (1997) describe the companys intangible assets as those that have no physical existence but are still of value to the company.Typically, they are long term and cannot accurately be valued until the company is sold. Measurement of intellectual capital is thus difficult. According to Mouritsen (2009), it is not possib le for an organisation to copy its intangible properties in a number yet it is necessary because it allows intervention to happen since it develops a wholly new set of dimensions to manage. Measuring size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield definitive measures, yet the measures are comforting because they help develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Analysing Intellectual Capital in Rich Picture Diagrams In the rich picture diagram value-adding activities in the building process together with stakeholders value of the construction project and building in use are pictured in a story line of building a house of culture as presented in Figure 1. In Figure 1, number 1 describes activities creating human capital in the municipality. Here the municipal commissioner contend an important, entrepreneurial client role. This is seen as a distinctive feature in the case.Human capital was developed in a creative process of finding a new solution to an old demand, the need of a concert hall, and also driving the political process to a building decision of building a house of culture by combining the library, the hall of arts and the concert hall. The decision was a result of a more than 60-year-long discussion in the municipality, where special interest organisations argued for and against a new concert hall in the city. Human capital is measured in the individuals knowledge and experiences creating a skill within the organisation (Sveiby, 1997 Laurell Stenlund, 2004).The development of construction industry, with advanced technol- 23 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 ogy put a pressing on actors capabilities to adapt to these new technologies. However, construction industry also relays on actors capabilities to create new ideas, new technologies and new types of buildings, as shown in this case were the public client was using his competence, based on political e xperience as well as on his skills from construction industry.Figure 1 The story line of a successful construction project visualising created intellectual capital Number 2 in the throw describes the activities related to the development of the brief for architectural competition, based on the vision of the building together with the transformation of the public clients requirements into building political platforms, e. g. functional and technical specifications. The public clients role during the development of the building programme was important.Different employees in the clients organisation were involved in the development of the feasibility studies taking political decisions and developing the project directives with requirements regarding cost, time and responsibilities. In the brief for architectural competition, the public client formulated the overall vision and goals for the building and the end-users functional requirements. People from the artistic organisations were partly involved in this strategic briefing process.The process, in the figure illustrated with dotted arrows, illustrates how the clients representatives, foremost the project manager together with the architect, worked together with actors responsible for art and library activities. This work should also be seen as a strategic briefing process performed in the project during the design phase. The public clients procurement decisions regarding the architectural competition made it possible for the architect to create a dream-team of consultants working together with designing the building.The bid-to-build procurement decision engaged a contractor, with the ambition to develop new knowledge within their own construction organisation concerning technical solutions in the building of concert halls. Here the municipality created organisational capital in measures of communication, trust and business relations (Sveiby, 1997) between actors in the local construction industry. The organisa tional capital belonging to the public client has created new construction projects in the community, even during recession, when normally no construction projects should have stated.Finally number 3 in the figure describes how the public clients decisions had an impact on creating social capital in the community. This is closely related to the clients ambitions to create a building with symbolic value and also to the distinctive feature of having created future beliefs in the city. Social capital is described in terms 24 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 of change in attitudes, but also in terms of economic value regarding new rail line opportunities, development of organisational and business activities.End-users participating at the workshop expressed their view of the building in use in terms of social value. They valued the throng of cultural activities in the building as well as the building is easy accessibility, aesthetics, comfort, safe with a central location in the city. The social capital developed by building a house of culture in the community is described by the public client as valuable for the cities development in the future, not only because of its cultural activities, but also because of the buildings architecture and location. DiscussionFrom the results of analysing value-added activities and stakeholders value in a story line, the distinctive features for this specific construction project illustrates three key competencies generating human, organisational and social capital firstly the human capital based on the public clients political and construction knowledge and skills in the pre-phase of the construction project secondly the organisational capital based on the actors competencies of interacting when developing the strategic brief involving internal and external stakeholders goals and visions, during the onstruction project and finally the social capital based on the buildings multifunctional ac tivities, its architectural design and its central location in the city, when building in use. From the results, one could determine certain success factors and key competencies that should be maximized. These success factors and key competencies could in turn be grouped into a number of distinct areas of focus such as financial, human, customer, process, renewal and development. within each of these areas of focus, one could identify numerous key indicators to measure performance.Previous research studies have shown that companies and organisations have to identify their own relevant key indicators and success factors and relate them to their specific activities and resources when making the tools usable in management decisions (Laurell Stenlund, 2004 Anumba et al. , 2005 Roos et al. , 2005). Measuring size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield definitive measures, yet the measures are comforting because they help develop the actions that can be made in the nam e of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Conclusions Stakeholder value is the key variable in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process. From the results of the study, intellectual capital developed during the construction project has been visualised in terms of human, organisational and social capital. Houses of culture, public buildings for cultural activities, enable meeting places for citizens as well as they provide places for cultural events and spaces for creativity as well as they contribute to the development of new cultural activities.The outcomes were found useful when implementing the results back to the studied client organisation and the actors in the project team as well as they can be used to better understand the situation, formulating improvement as well as a platform for future research. The strength of combining GTM and RPD is demonstrated in the top executive of the methodology in studying complex organis ational structures and relations between different actors, and specific as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a construction project with many stakeholders with different interests and value. 5 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 References Alvesson, M. and Skoldberg, K. (2000) Reflexive methodology new vistas for qualitative research, capital of the United Kingdom Sage. Anumba, C. J. , Egbu, C. and Carrillo, P. (2005) association Management in Construction, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Boyd, D and Chinyio, E (2006) Understanding the construction client, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K. (2007) The SAGE handbook of Grounded Theory, London SAGE Publications Ltd. Brochner, J. and Kadefors, A. 2010) Varden och vardekedjor inom samhallsbyggande, forstudie. Values and value chains in building societies, prestudy, Stockholm KK-stiftelsen. Chroneer, D. and Laurell-Stenlund, K. (2006) Determinants of an effec tive product development process Towards a conceptual framework for process industry. International journal of innovation management, 10(3), 237-269. Dosi, G. , Faillo, M. and Marengo, L. (2008) Organisational Capabilities, Patterns of Knowledge Accumulation and Governance Structures in Business Firms An Introduction. Organization Studies, 29(08&09), 11651185. Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M.S. (1997) Intellectual Capital, The proven way to establish your companys real value by bill its hidden brainpower, London Harper. Egan, J. (1998) Rethinking Construction, Report of the Construction Task Force to the Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, on the Scope for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of UK Construction. part of Trade and Industry, HMSO, London. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. Finch, P. (2000) Better public building, a proud legacy for the future, The Better Public Buildings Group.Department f or culture, media and sport, London. Glaser, B. G. (1992) Basics of Grounded Theory Research. Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA. Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Aldine, Chicago. Grant, R. M. (1991) The resource based theory of competitive advantage Implications for strategy formulation. atomic number 20 Management Review, 33(3), 114-135. Gray, C. and Hughes, W. (2001) Building Design Management, Oxford Elsevier Ltd. Hamel, G. and Prahalad C. K. (1994) Competing for the Future. Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Business groom Press. Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D.P. (1993) Putting the Balanced Scorecard on work, Harvard Business Review, (SepOct), 134-147. Laurell-Stenlund, K. (2004) Three perspectives on measuring and valuing losses of key competence. (Licentiate thesis in Swedish), Lulea Lulea University of Technology. Laurell Stenlund, K. (2010) Effekter av byggandet av Kulturens hus i Lulea, The Matter of Culture, Research Report, Lulea Lulea Un iversity of Technology. Laurell Stenlund, K and Horte, S-A. (1999) Competence accounting methods for measuring and valuing keycompetencies. Managing Operations Networks, EurOMA Conference, Venice, Italy, June 7-8. 26The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Laurell Stenlund, K. , Ryd, N. and Vennstrom, A. (2009) Clients decisions in strategic briefs and their impact on user values. Proceedings 25th Annual ARCOM Conference. Nottingham Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 361-370. Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994) An Expanded Sourcebook, Qualitative Data Analysis (2nd ed. ), California and London Sage Publications. Inc. Mouritsen, J. (2009) Classification, measurement and the ontology of intellectual capital entities. Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, 13(2), 154-162. Penrose, E. 1959/1995) The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford Oxford University Press. Roos, G. , Pike, S. and Fernstrom, L. (2005) Managing Intelle ctual Capital in Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford. Saxon, R. (2005) Be Valuable A Guide to Creating value in the Built Environment Construction Excellence, London. Segerstedt, A. and Olofsson, T. (2010) Supply chains in the construction industry. Supply Chain Management, 15(5), 347-353. Short, C. A. , Barrett, P. , Dye, A. and Sutrisna, M. (2007) Impacts of value engineering on five Capital Arts projects. Building Research and Information, 35(3), 287-315. Spencer, N. nd Winch, G. (2002) How buildings Add Value for Clients, Construction Industry Council, London. Sutrisna, M. and Barrett, P. (2007). Applying rich picture diagrams to model case studies of construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(2), 164-179. Sveiby, K. E. (1997) The Intangible Assets Monitor. Journal of Human Resource costing and accounting, 2(1), 73-97. Winch. M. G. (2002) Managing Construction Projects, UK Blackwell Science Ltd. Yin, R. K. (1994) Case Stud y Research Design and Methods, Newbury Press, California Sage. 27 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 28

Human Development

Two strands of clement increase atomic number 18 neighborly and emotional. 2. Two stages of human development from the case study are star-time(a) adulthood and adulthood. 3. Nature is what you are born with, uniform what you inherit from your parents, an example from the case study is that Iain and Kirstys daughter has brown curly whisker just like Iain. 4. Nurture is what you learn as you father up and go through sprightliness an example of nurture from the case study is that Anne is cooking on caring for her refreshful grand-daughter when Kirsty returns to work. . Two key features of behavioural advance is Behavioural and Consequence, Behavioural message if a nestling wants something and takes a tantrum, and Consequence meaning if they are giving what they want then they will think that it is the correct way to be shoot and on that point for do it again. 6. Three key features of the social eruditeness conjecture are Bonding barbarianren connecting with tidy su m, like parents making them feel safe around them and loved.Loss If someone dies or goes away, for example a loved one you dismiss them and start to feel this mavin of harm in carriage, like an empty space has arrived that wasnt there ahead. 7. Two ways in which the behavioural approach tolerate help care workers fancy human development and behaviour is , it helps them learn how to act and respond to a childs behaviour and helps them understand how they should react to something, such as praise them for good things alone tell them no it was wrong if they did something wrong. . From the case study you can understand why jenny ass does not want to move into supported accommodation not only because she is happy at stead but she feels secure and loved at home with her mum, and now thinks that she is getting pushed aside as her mum has remarried and is moving in with her new partner. Jenny will feel a sense of loss due(p) to this and may also feel bereavement due to only losi ng her dad two year ago. Staying at home could remind.. humankind cultureHSV 504 gentle Development-Early remembering Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction more than(prenominal) human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past l geezerhood, there have been some studies in childrens cognitive development and earlier childishness memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childishness memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early on memory loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund Freuds cognitive theory (Crain, 2005). Lev S.Vygotsky, however, described childrens early memory development as a holistic process that involved society, physiological, cultural, and economical environments. (Vygotsky, 1978) Vygotsky was influenced by Karl Marxs theory of peoples development, historied Crain (2005). Schachtel was influenced by Sigmund Freu d some(prenominal) theorists seemed to agree that children learn to remember more systematic ally when prompted by a more experienced person, like their parents and caregivers (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010). fresh people disconnected from their parents when they were children can have fragmented memories of that earlier time.There are a serial publication of systems involved in memory loss (Lerner, Easterbrooks, and Mistry, 2003). Keywords memory, enculturation, puerility, processes, environment HSV 504 Human Development-Early memory loss Doctor Schachtel state adults lose their very early childhood memories. He says the older children get, the more early childhood memories they lose (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) explained that Schachtel verbalize early childhood memory loss was called infantile amnesia (p. 327). When they were infants people had severe experiences however as time passed and separate experiences took their place, they forgot the earlier memories (Crain, 2005). ne arly of the essence(p)ly, the earlier experiences were lost(p) because they occurred before the child could declare. Like his predecessor Freud, Schachtel said that to some extent, early hostile and sexual feelings were repressed because they led to shame (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed forgetting most early childhood memories was common to every(prenominal) experience people had during early childhood. In addition, children were socialized by caregivers and peers to change their first response to pleasure in order to correct to cultural expectations.Schachtel believed that the differences with adults and childrens memory loss were with how they experienced their lives. He said that adults experience their lives primarily through verbal associations (Crain, 2005), like perceive a slight shade of blue and saying what a pretty color it is. Children before one year of age experience their lives through essay and smell (Crain, 2005). As children grow up, they start to conform to the way adults and peers experience the world, yet to maintain the characterization of familiar perceptions of the world (Crain, 2005). Schachtel said that infants experience life with their senses.The most authorised sense is taste. Babies have more taste buds than adults do (Crain, 2005). Many times whatever they touch winds up in their mouths. In addition, the sense of smell is important to babies because they learn to identify their mother by her smell, as well as how she tastes. The sense of sight is not as important to infants as it is for older children (Crain, 2005). Schachtel identifies these senses as body senses. Temperature is felt on the body as hot and cold, they are inside senses, he said. Sight and hearing are foreign senses because they are other focused. Smell and taste are inside focused (Crain, 2005).According to Schachtel, when adults experience memory categories, they have very little words to describe the tasting, scent and feeling senses in memory (Cra in, 2005). When children start to experience life by exploring new things, looking at their body functions for example, adults become concerned and begin socializing them to respond like themselves (Crain, 2005). Freud said the same about children being discouraged from investigating their body functions (Gay, 1998). However, he said that they are discouraged from that experience by their caregivers (Crain, 2005). It is considered rude in the west to discriminate based on smell.To say someones breath smells bad in public is not considered polite, so that sentiment is rarely spoken in public. Yet, body odor is the primary smell that would intrigue a very young child, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their parents tell them that it is not good and the child learns to distance herself from that sensory pleasure. Schachtel also said that with passing of time the highly sensitive sensory experiences are lost to the children because they are repressed (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed that adults are less(prenominal) sensitive to their earlier sensory perceptions due to socialization (Crain, 2005).The senses become defined as either good or bad, and adults have all-encompassing vocabulary labeling things they see, but not food that they taste or odors they smell (Crain, 2005). Schachtel further explains the only adults that would still have their earlier perceptions intact after maternal and peer socialization would be creative individuals like writers and painters (Crain, 2005). When a child gets older, many things that were accepted in infancy can become less intense because their orientation changes toward the outside senses, sight and touch.Schachtel also said that babies enjoyed the warmth of protective environments (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) added that Schachtel was a pioneer in his observations about the loss of early memories. When Schachtel started writing, no one else was aware that as people got older they lost many of their childhood memories (Crain, 2 005). In the years after Schachtel had written about early memory loss, there have been several(prenominal) studies that have added to his insights. Crain (2005) also stated we could lose memories earlier and faster than Schachtel said we did. Lev S.Vygotsky said that children develop at bottom their respective cultures and societies long before they learn to speak (Crain, 2005). He also noted a childrens development involved its society, economic status, and physiological development. Vygotsky (1978) stressed that a childs tuition processes where more than subconscious and affable childrens development can grow within every environmental aspect of their lives. Children learn from caregivers in their respective cultures how to relate within their environments, noted Broderick & Blewitt (2010).Vygotsky said that children learned how to relate in two stages first when parents teach them to interrelate and then within themselves as they start to interact with their peers (Crain, 200 5). Most importantly, Schachtel taught people what processes could go inside the thinking of babies and very young children (Crain, 2005). He also believed that parents help children put their thoughts into words by recalling what they saw at circumstance events, but at a cost of the children losing much of their earlier memories.In this view, Schachtel agreed with Vygotsky (Crain, 2005). Schachtel was a pioneer in the study of memory loss of young children as they grow older (Crain, 2005). According to Crain (2005), his theory has made the deepest impression on this writer who is a caseworker. As a practitioner that enters legal codes for children that have bygone through many kinds of abuse and neglect, one wonders how many of those children are trying to recall their earlier memories of being separated from their parents. Some of these young people grew up in their relation backs homes.Those adults told them about their parents and some of the circumstances that caused them t o be placed in foster care. Now, they are coming to the agency requesting to see their shut case records. Many of those records have photographs. There are court hearings that video tape their proceedings for their records. Some of Vygotskys findings were print abroad three years after Schachtel published his human development work (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory about childrens cognitive development was not paid attention to because his books were banned (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010).Today both theorists are studied because Vygotsky stressed environmental involvement in cognitive development (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) and Schachtels theory stressed the mental processes of human development (Crain, 2005). Schachtel and Vygotskys theories agree in that both said that parents, caregivers and other environmental temperls help children in learning new activities. Vygotsky said that since children are learning new things all the time, their abilities progress as they grow older (Crain, 2005).Schachtel said most of childrens socialization comes from parents and peers to conform to their respective societys mode of behavior (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory of socio-cultural development resonates with many developmentalists because there has to be more to peoples development than mental processes. A whole series of systems contributes to very early memory functions as children grow up. According to Lerner, Easterbrooks, & Mistry (2003), there have been numerous studies on cognitive functions and memory.They explained that memory loss of young children as they become adults can be related to a combination of processes from neurological to sociological. In addition, there are now numerous studies discussing brain function with social and physiological developments (Lerner et al. , 2003). Lerner et. al (2003) also explained that age, lifestyle, and education are among other determinants that have influenced the changing relationships in memory processes over a persons l ifespan. Since Schachtels writings more than fifty years ago on childrens memory development, there have been many studies on the same subject (Cycowicz, 2000).Human development specialists are discovering new information on memory and cognitive development. According to Wertsch (1985), Vygotskys works are now studied because of their holistic approaches to human development. References Broderick, P. C. & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span Human development for helping professionals. (3rd ed. ). Pearson Boston, MA. Cycowicz, Y. M. (2000). Memory development and event-related brain potentials in children. Biological Psychology, 54, (174). Crain, W. C. (2005). Theories of development Concepts and applications. 5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall. Gay, P. (1998). Freud A Life for Our Times. capital of the United Kingdom J. M. Dent and Sons. Lerner, R. M. , Easterbrooks, M. A. , & Mistry, J. (eds. ). (2003). Handbook of Psychology. 6, 443-461. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Human DevelopmentHSV 504 Human Development-Early Memory Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in childrens cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund Freuds cognitive theory (Crain, 2005). Lev S.Vygotsky, however, described childrens early memory development as a holistic process that involved society, physiological, cultural, and economical environments. (Vygotsk y, 1978) Vygotsky was influenced by Karl Marxs theory of peoples development, noted Crain (2005). Schachtel was influenced by Sigmund Freud both theorists seemed to agree that children learn to remember more systematically when prompted by a more experienced person, like their parents and caregivers (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010). Young people separated from their parents when they were children can have fragmented memories of that earlier time.There are a series of systems involved in memory loss (Lerner, Easterbrooks, and Mistry, 2003). Keywords memory, socialization, childhood, processes, environment HSV 504 Human Development-Early memory loss Doctor Schachtel said adults lose their very early childhood memories. He says the older children get, the more early childhood memories they lose (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) explained that Schachtel said early childhood memory loss was called infantile amnesia (p. 327). When they were infants people had intense experiences however as time p assed and other experiences took their place, they forgot the earlier memories (Crain, 2005).Most importantly, the earlier experiences were lost because they occurred before the child could speak. Like his predecessor Freud, Schachtel said that to some extent, early hostile and sexual feelings were repressed because they led to shame (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed forgetting most early childhood memories was common to every experience people had during early childhood. In addition, children were socialized by caregivers and peers to change their first response to pleasure in order to conform to cultural expectations.Schachtel believed that the differences with adults and childrens memory loss were with how they experienced their lives. He said that adults experience their lives primarily through verbal associations (Crain, 2005), like seeing a nice shade of blue and saying what a pretty color it is. Children before one year of age experience their lives through taste and smell (C rain, 2005). As children grow up, they start to conform to the way adults and peers experience the world, yet to maintain the characterization of familiar perceptions of the world (Crain, 2005). Schachtel said that infants experience life with their senses.The most important sense is taste. Babies have more taste buds than adults do (Crain, 2005). Many times whatever they touch winds up in their mouths. In addition, the sense of smell is important to babies because they learn to identify their mother by her smell, as well as how she tastes. The sense of sight is not as important to infants as it is for older children (Crain, 2005). Schachtel identifies these senses as body senses. Temperature is felt on the body as hot and cold, they are inside senses, he said. Sight and hearing are outside senses because they are other focused. Smell and taste are inside focused (Crain, 2005).According to Schachtel, when adults experience memory categories, they have very little words to describe t he tasting, smelling and feeling senses in memory (Crain, 2005). When children start to experience life by exploring new things, looking at their body functions for example, adults become concerned and begin socializing them to respond like themselves (Crain, 2005). Freud said the same about children being discouraged from investigating their body functions (Gay, 1998). However, he said that they are discouraged from that experience by their caregivers (Crain, 2005). It is considered rude in the west to discriminate based on smell.To say someones breath smells bad in public is not considered polite, so that sentiment is rarely spoken in public. Yet, body odor is the primary smell that would intrigue a very young child, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their parents tell them that it is not good and the child learns to distance herself from that sensory pleasure. Schachtel also said that with passing of time the highly sensitive sensory experiences are lost to the children because they are repressed (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed that adults are less sensitive to their earlier sensory perceptions due to socialization (Crain, 2005).The senses become defined as either good or bad, and adults have extensive vocabulary labeling things they see, but not food that they taste or odors they smell (Crain, 2005). Schachtel further explains the only adults that would still have their earlier perceptions intact after parental and peer socialization would be creative individuals like writers and painters (Crain, 2005). When a child gets older, many things that were accepted in infancy can become less intense because their orientation changes toward the outside senses, sight and touch.Schachtel also said that babies enjoyed the warmth of protective environments (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) added that Schachtel was a pioneer in his observations about the loss of early memories. When Schachtel started writing, no one else was aware that as people got older they lost many of the ir childhood memories (Crain, 2005). In the years after Schachtel had written about early memory loss, there have been several studies that have added to his insights. Crain (2005) also stated we could lose memories earlier and faster than Schachtel said we did. Lev S.Vygotsky said that children develop within their respective cultures and societies long before they learn to speak (Crain, 2005). He also noted a childrens development involved its society, economic status, and physiological development. Vygotsky (1978) stressed that a childs learning processes where more than subconscious and mental childrens development can grow within every environmental aspect of their lives. Children learn from caregivers in their respective cultures how to relate within their environments, noted Broderick & Blewitt (2010).Vygotsky said that children learned how to relate in two stages first when parents teach them to interrelate and then within themselves as they start to interact with their peer s (Crain, 2005). Most importantly, Schachtel taught people what processes could happen inside the thinking of babies and very young children (Crain, 2005). He also believed that parents help children put their thoughts into words by recalling what they saw at particular events, but at a cost of the children losing much of their earlier memories.In this view, Schachtel agreed with Vygotsky (Crain, 2005). Schachtel was a pioneer in the study of memory loss of young children as they grow older (Crain, 2005). According to Crain (2005), his theory has made the deepest impression on this writer who is a caseworker. As a practitioner that enters legal codes for children that have gone through many kinds of abuse and neglect, one wonders how many of those children are trying to recall their earlier memories of being separated from their parents. Some of these young people grew up in their relatives homes.Those adults told them about their parents and some of the circumstances that caused th em to be placed in foster care. Now, they are coming to the agency requesting to see their closed case records. Many of those records have photographs. There are court hearings that video tape their proceedings for their records. Some of Vygotskys findings were published abroad three years after Schachtel published his human development work (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory about childrens cognitive development was not paid attention to because his writings were banned (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010).Today both theorists are studied because Vygotsky stressed environmental involvement in cognitive development (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) and Schachtels theory stressed the mental processes of human development (Crain, 2005). Schachtel and Vygotskys theories agree in that both said that parents, caregivers and other environmental models help children in learning new activities. Vygotsky said that since children are learning new things all the time, their abilities progress as they grow older (Crain, 2005).Schachtel said most of childrens socialization comes from parents and peers to conform to their respective societys mode of behavior (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory of socio-cultural development resonates with many developmentalists because there has to be more to peoples development than mental processes. A whole series of systems contributes to very early memory functions as children grow up. According to Lerner, Easterbrooks, & Mistry (2003), there have been numerous studies on cognitive functions and memory.They explained that memory loss of young children as they become adults can be related to a combination of processes from neurological to sociological. In addition, there are now numerous studies discussing brain function with social and physiological developments (Lerner et al. , 2003). Lerner et. al (2003) also explained that age, lifestyle, and education are among other determinants that have influenced the changing relationships in memory processes over a p ersons lifespan. Since Schachtels writings more than fifty years ago on childrens memory development, there have been many studies on the same subject (Cycowicz, 2000).Human development specialists are discovering new information on memory and cognitive development. According to Wertsch (1985), Vygotskys works are now studied because of their holistic approaches to human development. References Broderick, P. C. & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span Human development for helping professionals. (3rd ed. ). Pearson Boston, MA. Cycowicz, Y. M. (2000). Memory development and event-related brain potentials in children. Biological Psychology, 54, (174). Crain, W. C. (2005). Theories of development Concepts and applications. 5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall. Gay, P. (1998). Freud A Life for Our Times. London J. M. Dent and Sons. Lerner, R. M. , Easterbrooks, M. A. , & Mistry, J. (eds. ). (2003). Handbook of Psychology. 6, 443-461. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vy gotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.