Parole and Truth in Sentencing Paper

Parole and Truth-in-Sentencing Paper xxxxx xxxxxxx CJS/200 November 19, 2011 xxxxxx Parole and Truth-in-Sentencing Paper Before parole turns into a choice to a wrongdoer or a guilty party stays on parole, there are conditions and ideas and objectives that must be polished or met. Normal conditions impact parole as the detainee is discharged from jail. Truth-in-condemning laws have objectives in relations to parole. To comprehend the ideas on which parole is based, one must know and comprehend the meaning of parole. Parole, the early arrival of a detainee from remedial repression under management, is a condemning methodology that profits guilty parties logically to gainful lives (Schmalleger, 2011). As indicated by Schmalleger (2011), â€Å"By making early discharge conceivable, parole can likewise go about as an upgrade for positive conduct change. † Parole is based off and underpins the idea of loose condemning, which held that a detainee can increase early release through great lead and personal growth (Schmalleger, 2011). The states of parole place general and extraordinary restrictions on guilty parties who have been discharged from jail early (Schmalleger, 2011). The offender’s criminal foundation just as the conditions of the offense is mulled over when alluding to uncommon conditions, while general conditions are fixed by state rules (Schmalleger, 2011). Under the states of parole, a parolee should occasionally check in, or report, to probation officers, and probation officers may visit the parolees home or work environment unannounced (Schmalleger, 2011). While a guilty party is on parole, the person must get work inside 30 days and proceed with fill in as it has appeared to diminish the likelihood of rehashed offenses (Schmalleger, 2011). In understanding to Schmalleger (2011), â€Å"General states of parole as a rule incorporate deal to avoid leaving the state also to obey removal demands from other locale. † Truth in condemning, a nearby association connecting the sentence forced on a guilty party, and the measure of time served in jail, profited wrongdoers while maddened casualties (Schmalleger, 2011). What you get is the thing that you serve† turned into the accentuation on truth in condemning and has become a significant approach focal point of many state governing bodies and the United States Congress (Schmalleger, 2011). The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement put aside subsidizes that embrace reality in-condemning laws guarantee that specific rough guilty parties will serve in any event 85 percent of their jail sentence (Schmalleger, 2011). The idea of parole permits a wrongdoer to be discharged from repression before the finish of their sentence in specific situations. Conditions must be followed and kept up to guarantee the wrongdoer remains on parole. The objectives of truth in condemning depend on brutal lawbreakers finishing 85 percent of their chance to respect the person in question. References Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal equity today: An initial book for the twenty-first century (eleventh ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Character Analysis of Mrs. Wright in “Trifles,” by Susan Glaspell Essay

Mrs. Wright is a character not present at the scene, however for me, represented an incredible significance in the entire story. In the Story, Mrs. Wright was the spouse of the killed John Wright. She was the essential suspect, since she was the main individual with the Mr. Wright when he was killed, at his case, choked to death. Mrs. Wright, as told by Mr. Sound, was the individual he discovered when he came in searching for John Wright. It was likewise Mrs. Wright who disclosed to him that John was dead, choked to death while she was dozing close to him. She indicated no declaration of sadness or stun when she was advising this to him, and even dealt with a snicker when she was asked where John was. She was captured at long last, and that was the point at which the scene in the story began. There are a few components to consider while breaking down the character of Mrs. Wright. There are a bigger number of things than what meets the eye, which is the reason it is important to investigate the things she was with and the things she was doing in the story. So as to do this, there was a need to present two characters that investigate Mrs. Wright’s character. These characters were Mrs. Sound and Mrs. Subsides. All through the story, it was through these two that the perusers had the option to get Mrs. Wrights character progressively, despite the fact that she wasn’t present in the scene. One of the main components that could be related with Mrs. Wright’s character was the rocker she was perched on, when Mr. Sound showed up and was searching for John Wright. The rocker speaks to Mrs. Wrights feeling around then, wherein she was by all accounts settled, however kept on shaking in the quietness of everything around her. At the point when she was addressed by the individuals who came into her home, she appeared to be certain with what she is stating. She was quiet when she addressed that John wasn’t around, and even dealt with a snicker when she said that John was dead. She was quiet in within, however somewhere inside her, she was disturbed, somewhat, apathetic of her current circumstance. Another component that serves helpful for the piece of Mrs. Wright’s character was when Mrs. Dwindles recalls the youthful Mrs. Wright, where she used to be an ensemble part and wore pretty dresses. What's more, that everything halted when she turned into the spouse of John Wright. This clarification has opened an entryway for the crowd to consider the existence Mrs. Wright is living. It is safe to say that she is cheerful being the spouse of the killed John Wright? Or on the other hand does his passing free her or the like from the misery that she was feeling when she was with him. The skirt that Mrs. Subsides and Mrs. Robust accumulated for Mrs. Wright additionally gave a comprehension of her past, wherein she wore pretty garments and looked pretty herself, and that it appears as though she was being denied of the cheerful and excellent things in life when she was with her better half. Another work of Mrs. Wright’s character was appeared by the disorder in her home, of the incomplete undertakings she appear to have begun at this point have discovered no opportunity to wrap up. Mrs. Subsides and Mrs. Solidness had indicated the crowd a superior comprehension of what it wants to be a housewife, how one would feel awkward with things left incomplete. This indicated there is unquestionably something incorrectly going on with the life of Mrs. Wright, something that could truly be helpful in unraveling the instance of the killed Mr. Wright. The two are persuaded that Mrs. Wright has no issues at all with being a housewife, since she has begun doing things that a run of the mill housewife would do. Retouch garments, cook, accomplish kitchen work. But since of an undisclosed explanation, she wasn’t consistently ready to complete those undertakings. What's more, that made the two women dubious of the case. The defining moment of the work of Mrs. Wright’s character was the point at which the two women saw the birdcage with no flying creature. They were to some degree inquisitive why the confine had no winged animal in it, since it would bode well that a fledgling is an ideal ally for a housewife like Mrs. Wright. At the point when they firmly analyzed the confine, they found that it has a messed up confine entryway; something that made their doubt became bigger. On the off chance that you cautiously investigate what they had the option to find, the messed up entryway wouldn’t bode well if there was no feathered creature there. The messed up entryway is a sign of power being utilized to pry opens the pen, who did it, was as yet obscure. The circumstance that finished their doubt was the point at which they got some answers concerning a dead feathered creature enclosed by material that has its head and neck distorted in light of the fact that it was hung. This was likewise the missing piece that explained the riddle of Mrs. Wright’s character. They discovered that Mrs. Wright truly had a thought process to murder her better half. Mrs. Wright was an individual denied of satisfaction at whatever point she was with her better half. Her cheerful youthful days finished when she wedded John Wright. She quit singing, she quit wearing excellent garments, and in the end lost all expectations throughout her life. The fowl spoke to her residual mental soundness, her outstanding expectation in her life. Be that as it may, when it was detracted from her, she additionally snapped. At the point when the winged creature quit singing, Mr. John Wright additionally quit living. Reference: Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"Trifles†. 1916. July 15 2007. <http://www. vcu. edu/engweb/eng384/trifles. htm>.

The wooden bowl

The wooden bowl A frail old man went to live with his son, daughter-in-law, and a four-year old grandson. The old mans hands trembled, his eyesight was blurred, and his step faltered.The family ate together nightly at the dinner table. But the elderly grandfathers shaky hands and failing sight made eating rather difficult. Peas rolled off his spoon onto the floor. When he grasped the glass often milk spilled on the tablecloth.The son and daughter-in-law became irritated with the mess. We must do something about grandfather, said the son. Ive had enough of his spilled milk, noisy eating, and food on the floor. So the husband and wife set a small table in the corner. There, grandfather ate alone while the rest of the family enjoyed dinner at the dinner table. Since grandfather had broken a dish or two, his food was served in a wooden bowl. Sometimes when the family glanced in grandfathers direction, he had a tear in his eye as he ate alone. Still, the only words the couple had for him were sharp admon itions when he dropped a fork or spilled food. The four-year-old watched it all in silence. One evening before supper, the father noticed his son playing with wood scraps on the floor. He asked the child sweetly, What are you making? Just as sweetly, the boy responded, Oh, I am making the bowl for you and mama to eat. The four-year-old smiled and went back to work. The words so struck the parents that they were speechless. Then tears started to stream down their cheeks. Though no word was spoken, both knew what must be done. That evening the husband took grandfathers hand and gently led him back to the family table. For the remainder of his days he ate every meal with the family. And for some reason, neither husband nor wife seemed to care any longer when a fork was dropped, milk spilled, or the tablecloth soiled.Children are remarkably perceptive. Their eyes ever observe, their ears ever listen, and their minds ever process the messages they absorb. If they see us patiently provid e a happy home atmosphere for family members, they will imitate that attitude for the rest of their lives. The wise parent realizes that every day that building blocks are being laid for the childs future.Let us all be wise builders and role models. Take care of yourself, and those you love, today, and everyday!

Altered Self-Image According to Thiongo, Orwell, and Kincaid

The writer of the essay Decolonising the Mind, Ngugi wa Thiongo, expresses his views that Kenyans had been stripped of their native languages and lost an important way to express themselves. In the essay Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell presents imperialism metaphorically through the use of animals to illustrate the power and instability of imperialism. Jamaica Kincaid focuses her essay, On Seeing England for the First Time, on how her view of England ultimately changes when she visits England for the first time. All three writers make a clear point on how alienation affects an individuals life. The writers say that alienation affects an individuals self-image due to the views that were forced by the colonizers upon the†¦show more content†¦The educational system of Kenya went so far as to fail students who had not mastered English. The writer goes to explain that this type of cultural contact negatively affected the individuals, because speaking in G#297;k#7919;y#7919; represented his culture. When these two items came together, language and culture, it represented the individuals identity and self-image. He illustrates that he believed that language, rather than history or culture, was the key explanatory structure for human life and the enabling condition of human consciousness. In the essay, he presents the choice of language and the use to which language is put is central to peoples definition of themselves in relation to the entire universe. He portrays to the reader that when Britain attacked Kenya physically to take control, it also attacked the cultural root of Kenya. Thiongo makes this clear to the reader to demonstrate that alienation of Kenyas own culture resulted in the loss of the language and culture in Kenya. He also argues that this situation caused a disharmony in Kenyans self-image. Thiongo explains his own reasons for beginning to write in G#297;k#7919;y#7919; after 17 years of abstaining. G#297;k#7919;y#7919; is his native language and speaking it allows himself and his people to reject oppression from England and any other governing powers. Thiongo states that his experience of life illustrated

Social Process Theory Essay - 1049 Words

Social Process Theory Social Process and Crime In the social process theory, three areas are covered. The three are social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction theory. The definition of the social learning theory is People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. â€Å"Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.† (Learning Theories Knowledgebase ). Most people learn through watching other. As a child, we learn by mocking what we have observed repeatedly. This is how we learn to walk, talk,†¦show more content†¦If the child feels that, they do not have a chance in school this may lead to them dropping out. In this situation, the child does not have a chance to build a steady relationship with the teacher for support. Another factor that can affect a child and what they learn can be peer groups. If the child is hanging around with a group that has antisocial behavior then they can fall into the trap of being bad because it is cool. The bad crowd can lead any child to deviant behavior and down the wrong path. The more violent the group the more likely the child will be to commit serious crime to impress their friends. One of the subcategories of Social Learning Theory is the Differential Association Theory first developed by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939 in a text call Principles of criminology. The basic steps to this theory are. (Sutherland, 1939) 1. Criminal behavior is learned. 2. Learning is a by-product of interaction. 3. Learning occurs within intimate groups. 4. Criminal techniques are learned. 5. Perceptions of legal code influence motives and drives. 6. Differential associations may very in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. 7. 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assessment strategies for day to day assessments Free Essays

Appraisal can be defined as utilizing assorted methods to understand with deepness and lucidity the current cognition that a student possesses, runing from a simple observation to organize a instructor ‘s subjective sentiment ( formative appraisal ) , to a formal trial or scrutiny ( summational appraisal ) . The cognition of a pupil is perpetually altering and as a consequence, instructors are able to do formative or summational opinions on pupil accomplishment by comparing of their work utilizing a progressive program of work. Assessment, formative or summational, is used to measure a student ‘s class, promotion, mark group arrangement, teacher direction and entree to the course of study. We will write a custom essay sample on assessment strategies for day to day assessments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many critics believe that one signifier of appraisal ( summational or formative ) , may be at the disbursal of the other. An statement possibly to be addressed elsewhere! For the intents of this essay, it is persevering to presume that ; ‘The two signifiers of appraisal can be reciprocally supportive- formative appraisal supports the procedure of acquisition, summational appraisal measures the consequence ‘ ( Kyriacou, 2007, p247 ) . In the undermentioned, I will research the deduction of the usage of both formative and summational appraisal and its topographic point in instruction today, the function of appraisal in my placement school and will reason with some contemplation on the benefits and cavity falls of appraisal in instruction. The intent of appraisal Appraisal can be categorised as any technique or activity used to measure the public presentation of a student against specific larning outcomes set out for them by their school. â€Å" Appraisal for Learning is the procedure of seeking and construing grounds for usage by scholars and their instructors to make up one’s mind where the scholars are in their acquisition, where they need to travel and how best to acquire at that place. † A ( Assessment Reform Group, 2002 ) Appraisal in instruction has seen a immense rise in popularity since the debut of the National Curriculum in 1988 for two grounds ; foremost it is the agencies by which authoritiess are able to mensurate the educational end product of any given school against other schools locally and nationally, with the outlook of raising educational criterions, and secondly, instructors have progressively realised the value of uninterrupted appraisal for informing them of and steering them in their instruction procedure. The most often used intents for appraisal are as follows: – To supply the instructor with feedback sing pupil advancement. This enables the instructor to see the effectivity of their instruction sing the student accomplishing their acquisition results. Particular misinterpretations or jobs may be highlighted as a consequence, leting for be aftering for remedial action or revised learning methods. To supply the student with instructional feedback. This enables the student to measure their criterion of work against a given standards or expected criterion. Using elaborate feedback, students may understand the outlooks on them from any given piece of work more clearly, and usage to rectify and better their work. To actuate students. Positive feedback can efficaciously excite motive. To supply a record of advancement. Regular appraisal enables the instructor and the school to maintain a decisive record of pupil attainment over a drawn-out period of clip, enabling the instructor to do specific opinions sing the student ‘s current and future educational demands. It is peculiarly helpful in placing peculiar jobs or troubles. A student ‘s record of advancement will be used when pass oning with co-workers and informing parents. It may besides assist a instructor to reevaluate their pedagogic methods when learning similar groups in the hereafter. To supply a statement of accurate attainment. By utilizing specific attainment standards, the student ‘s degree of attainment at any given clip can be assessed. To measure student ‘s preparedness for future acquisition. Students can be assessed against their preparedness to entree new countries of acquisition, whether they have any specific acquisition troubles or if they have efficaciously covered old larning necessary for the instructor to continue with a specific subject. Lack of understanding in this case would ask further planning for revised acquisition and readying by the instructor. To supply grounds of instructor and school effectivity. The appraisal of pupil accomplishment and record of their advancement gives an indicant of the success and effectivity of the instructor and the school. Data is used in local and national statistics which may impact the school ‘s popularity or support chances. ( Q1, Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13 ) Summational Appraisal Summational Assessment identifies the criterion of attainment achieved at any given point in the school twelvemonth, although normally carried out at the terminal of a class of work or terminal of the school twelvemonth. Various ways of measuring acquisition, sometimes referred to as ‘multiple response manners ‘ can be used to derive grounds of student acquisition, for illustration tick sheets and portfolios, but the most good recognized illustration of summational testing is the high-profile Standard Attainment Tests ( SATs ) taken nationally at the terminal of Key Stage 1 and 2, and used by authoritiess to measure the educational end product of single schools and published in League Tables. The consequences indicate the degree ( below, on mark or above for their age ) a kid is working at, assessed against eight National Curriculum Target Levels which enables the school ( or feeder school ) to do programs for the kid ‘s future acquisition and schools to find if they are learning efficaciously, by the comparing of their whole-school and students ‘ public presentation against national consequences. ( Q12, Q13 ) Formative Appraisal ‘An appraisal activity can assist larning if it provides information to be used as feedback by instructors and their students in measuring themselves and each other, to modify the instruction and acquisition activities in which they are engaged. Such assessment becomes formative appraisal when the grounds is really used to accommodate the instruction to run into learning demands ‘ . ( Black et al, 2002, p2 ) Formative Assessment has gained a high profile in recent old ages following the debut of the National Curriculum and the publication of the Assessment Reform Groups ‘ ( ARG, 2002 ) sum-up of research which formed the footing for the 10 rules for Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) ( 2002 ) . Ongoing formative appraisal relies on the informal, synergistic and qualitative measuring of the appraisal of student larning during ordinary schoolroom activities. Teachers use a scope of schemes in different contexts and for different intents, whilst concentrating on how pupils learn. This attack enables instructors to rapidly place mistakes and misconceptions and advance effectual hereafter larning for their students utilizing regular, constructive and formative written and unwritten feedback with the intent of enabling students to do good advancement. Personalised and differentiated acquisition accessed via every twenty-four hours Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) , is linked inextricably with inclusive, Quality First ( National Strategies, 2010 ) Teaching and student acquisition, ‘the adept usage of appraisal patterns which complement and ease the trademarks of effectual instruction is indispensable ‘ ( Kyriacou, 2007, p106 ) and should be an built-in portion of every lesson. The impact of congratulations and positive feedback, whilst avoiding comparing with other students, can hold far making effects on the scholar ‘s battle, enthusiasm and assurance. By clearly sharing the acquisition aims ( what is to be learned ) and the acquisition results or success standards ( what the kids will be expected to make one time they have learned it ) , the instructor and student are so able to prosecute in the procedure of appraisal, utilizing schemes the instructor deems ‘fit for intent ‘ in the context of the lesson. Through observation and listening to garner intelligence ; oppugning and whole-class duologue ; giving unwritten and written feedback and planning for group talk, AfL enables the scholar be actively engage, to understand the quality of their work and how to better their acquisition. There is besides grounds that low attainers and pupils with specific larning demands or disablements peculiarly benefit from formative appraisal. ‘Learners need information and counsel in order to be after following stairss in their acquisition. Teachers should: nail the scholar ‘s strengths and rede on how to develop them ; be clear and constructive about any failings and how they might be addressed ; supply chances for scholars to better upon their work. ( Assessment Reform Group, 2002, p. 2 ) ( Q1, Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q19, Q26b ) Appraisal schemes for daily appraisal during the lesson Questioning aˆ? Asking inquiries to measure kids ‘s get downing points, in order to measure attainment degree and plan/adapt acquisition and instruction activities consequently. aˆ? Asking a scope of inquiries, from actual to higher-order ( unfastened and closed inquiries ) , leting students ‘think clip ‘ which will promote a deeper apprehension of the inquiry posed. aˆ? Using talk spouses and guaranting all are engaged in replying inquiries. Using oppugning to prosecute in single and whole-class duologue. Detecting aˆ? Watching kids at their work, listening to their treatments leting for an appraisal of their acquisition as it is go oning. aˆ? Making planned observations of peculiar kids who may be holding troubles to back up their acquisition in the lesson.21-2004 G | A © Crown right of first publication 2004 Discoursing aˆ? Brief ad-lib treatments with kids if there have been any issues during a lesson. aˆ? Holding treatments with kids to measure their apprehension and to determine grounds for any misinterpretations or misconceptions and leting issues to be resolved within the lesson. aˆ? Holding informed treatments following up earlier appraisal, in order to discourse advancement, marks and any equal or ego appraisals that have been made. Using these to let planning for the following stairss in acquisition. Analyzing aˆ? Marking and measuring written work with the kids, leting for designation of any common mistakes or misconceptions. This will besides assist steer kids sing how they can better and advancement. aˆ? Discoursing with the kids their responses to the lesson ‘s undertakings, leting for designation of ability to rectify any mistakes and misconceptions. This will besides assist to measure their accomplishment against the acquisition aims, monitor their advancement and let treatment sing how they can better and the following stairss for them in their acquisition. Checking kids ‘s apprehension aˆ? Conducting callback trials with planned or self-generated inquiries to measure instantly with the kids their cognition and velocity of callback. aˆ? Reviewing what has been taught antecedently leting for both kids and instructors to place what might necessitate alteration and to steer the lesson and future planning. ( Q1, Q12, Q22, Q25a, 25b, 25c, 25d, Q26b ) Self and peer appraisal Self and peer appraisal are a agencies of heightening formative appraisal during which single, braces or little groups of kids identify the advancement that has been made in the lesson, what they still find ambitious and how to better through be aftering their following stairss in larning. By advancing the development of independent ego and peer appraisal and giving them ownership of their advancement, pupils learn to supervise and measure their ain acquisition schemes and accomplishments. Honesty in appraisal is non seen to be an issue as some might hold presumed, ‘pupils are by and large honorable and dependable in measuring both themselves and one another ; they can even be excessively difficult on themselves ‘ . ( Black A ; Wiliams,1998, p7 ) . Crucially, ‘pupils can measure themselves merely when they have a sufficiently clear image of the marks that their acquisition is meant to achieve ‘ ( ibid, p7 ) . Sometimes the instructor may utilize appropriate illustrations of work to exemplify specific marks. Using shared purposes and planned marks, work can be reviewed with or without the instructor ‘s engagement and consequences recorded and used to make revised marks. Using student self rating techniques such as the ‘thumbs up/thumbs down ‘ technique, instructors may rapidly determine pupil understanding at any given point in a lesson. ( Q28 ) Planning, feedback and prep Teachers, working alongside their co-workers, plan a strategy of work by planing sequences of related acquisition activities which have detailed and clear aims. Using the National Strategy programme of survey, as set out in the National Curriculum enchiridion ( 1999 ) , they will take into history the age and ability scope of their category. Using their secure course of study cognition and accurately assessed cognition of their students ‘ anterior accomplishment degrees utilizing AfL, they are able to be after for individualized acquisition and inclusion in their patterned advance of learning. This allows the instructor to present a lesson during which they will supervise students, supply accurate feedback, challenge all students and assist all scholars achieve. Feedback is most effectual when it is descriptive and linked to the acquisition objectives/success standards coupled with suggested larning patterned advance paths. Well planned prep has the added advantage of consolidating and edifice on anterior acquisition and working with the support of parents or carers. ( Q11, Q19, Q22, Q25a, 25b, 25c, 25d, Q26b ) The National Curriculum, Programme of Study, Level Descriptors and Attainment TargetEach topic in the course of study, at each Key Stage, has a programme of survey as set out in the National Curriculum Handbook ( 1999 ) which outlines the topic cognition to be covered at any given clip. Each topic has 8 attainment marks level forms or Attainment Focus ( AF ) Levels as set out in the National Strategies appraisal standards grids ( 2010 ) , for each attainment mark ( 2010 ) . These become increasingly more ambitious and have an extra degree for ‘exceptional public presentation ‘ for students with outstanding ability. These are used by instructors to supply the footing for doing an accurate opinion on the student ‘s public presentation by Measuring Pupil Progress ( APP ) and compared at all times against the degrees above and below to guarantee an accurate appraisal is recorded. Each degree description describes in some item the age-related outlooks of an mean student by puting out ‘the accomplishments and understanding that students of different abilities and adulthoods are expected to hold by the terminal of each cardinal phase ‘ ( The Education Act, 1996, subdivision 353a ) . ( Q11, Q22, Q26b, Q28 ) Measuring Pupil Progress ( APP ) In a move off from formal testing, APP was introduced as an alternate agencies of whole-school and student appraisal through SATs trials. A structured, on-going national attack to appraisal ( where the boundaries between formative and summational appraisal can film over ) , APP equips instructors ( and learning helpers ) to track and do judgements on students ‘ advancement. Through uninterrupted appraisal utilizing AfL, the digest of a elaborate and individualized profile for each kid is built utilizing the AF Levels appraisal guideline grids. These records allow instructors to understand their students ‘ acquisition demands, and place any spreads in their instruction that may hold arisen, and so leting for future acquisition to be planned consequently which in bend will back up schools in raising criterions of accomplishment. APP is most effectual when it draws on a wide scope of grounds that shows what students can make independently and is in peculiar really effectual when measuring students with English as a 2nd linguistic communication. ( Q11, Q13, Q19, Q26b ) , Appraisal demands It is a school ‘s statutory duty through APP to measure all students against 1999 Programme of Study and Attainment Targets, as stated by the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency ( QCDA ) and adhering to the standards set out in the National Curriculum, with the intents of estimating all kids locally and nationally against the Government set established national marks ( degrees and bomber degrees ) in their acquisition patterned advance through their school life. The information is collected locally and nationally to determine the overall public presentation of a school in conformity with the expected degrees of accomplishment for their age. A secure cognition of the national appraisal demands will assist instructors plan their lessons and fix scholars good for public scrutinies and makings. ( Q11 ) Tracking and Benchmarking The school may implement its ain trailing system. Teachers sporadically review aggregations of students ‘ work, frequently in coaction with co-workers, to construct a record of their accomplishments and leting for an appraisal of the overall national course of study degree the kid is working at. Children are rated ‘low ‘ , ‘secure ‘ or high within each national course of study degree. Benchmarking is the term given to the procedure of mensurating criterions of existent public presentation against those achieved by others with loosely similar features, designation of best pattern and the chance to larn from those better executing schools can be identified, to raise the criterions of accomplishment of a school and originate more informed whole-school and student mark puting. ( Q13 ) Appraisal in Berridge Junior School At the terminal of each cardinal phase, Berridge submits their teacher appraisal informations consequences of the national course of study appraisals to their Local Authority ( LA ) and to the authorities. The entry of these, including P graduated table informations via an Assessment of Reporting Arrangement ( ARA ) or a Teacher Assessment of Reporting Arrangement ( TARA ) ( QCDA 2010 ) at KS3 is a statutory demand. APP has late been introduced and rolled out across the whole school after instructor and TA preparation from February of this twelvemonth. Using strict appraisal informations to track student advancement, and curricular marks, based on the aims in the Primary Framework for learning ( 2010 ) which are logged via the School Information Management System ( SIMS ) ( 2010 ) system, Berridge is able to place countries for whole-school betterment. An Annual Performance Review ( APR ) allows for in- depth analysis of advancement. Since take parting in the Local Authority ‘s School Improvement Partner ( SIP ) Programme ( 2007 ) the school has consolidated and enhanced their monitoring and rating. Although, due to the demographics of the school and high proportion of EAL students, course of study degrees are lower than the national norm. However the school ‘s ‘contextual value added ‘ ( CVA ) mark, which statistically assesses how effectual the school is through mensurating pupil advancement and trial and scrutiny consequences, indicates that the school is executing highly good. Introduced in 2007, the age-related course of study marks have been used to piece a school development program and the benefits are already highly clear. All students are tested and assessed, prior to aim grouping for English and Maths in KS2. Parents are informed of pupil advancement via termly parents ‘ eventides, reading journals and one-year written studies. Decision In decision the above treatment has demonstrated the cardinal characteristics of appraisal and reflected on the deductions of formative and summational appraisal in schools today. I have demonstrated how AfL, APP, ego and peer appraisal, planning, benchmarking, tracking and assessment demands impact on a instructor ‘s function in school and crucially her duty towards her students ‘ acquisition success through secure course of study cognition, effectual teaching method, planning and modified be aftering to run into any given success standards within the National Curriculum. For me, the strengths in assessment prevarication in schools being able to place advancement and more crucially, countries for betterment, rapidly and briefly as I have seen to great consequence in my arrangement school where the AF Levels are accessed via ‘I can ‘ statements for child user-friendliness and lucidity. AfL is seen by many as a tool for educational reform and addresses the supposed ruins of the SATs trials. Using elaborate descriptions of state of affairss or public presentation, appraisal can nevertheless be subjective, but in the custodies of an experient instructor it can be an highly valuable tool. The failings in appraisal in my sentiment prevarication steadfastly at the pess of the controversial SATs and League Tables and the force per unit area they place on schools to execute, and although my placement school boycotted the Year 6 SATs trials last twelvemonth, they opt to take ‘optional ‘ Saturday trials at the terminal of every school twelvemonth in old ages 3,4 and 5 in an effort to fix their students good for the inevitable. It could be argued that the increased burden put on regulated formalised proving within the school course of study has led to a failure to measure important larning results and led to pupils non being given the chance to pattern their higher-order thought accomplishments. Of class, the inquiry remains, in the visible radiation of recent authorities alteration, the deductions on instructors ‘ prioritisation of curricular coverage and their clip when prolonging a system which runs both SATs testing and APP at the same time. How to cite assessment strategies for day to day assessments, Essay examples

Provision Australia Governing Legal Mattersâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Provision Australia Governing Legal Matters? Answer: Introducation In the provision of Australia, there are certain common laws available that are governing the legal matters. There are certain laws deals with contract related matters. In the present case, there is a provision based on tender work (Alexander and Merkert 2017). In a business country like Australia, tender is a common process. Tendering process is observed in private as well as public sector. It is used to procure the goods and services within the continent of Australia (Bailey, 2014). It is a fact that in the tendering process, certain provisions of the contract law is being followed up. However, through the tendering process, no legal relationship is being created within the principle and the tender holder. In the process of tendering, there is a lack of interest shown in between the parties because of the absence of legal relationship (Cartwright 2016). In the present case, the university has demanded for certain specified seeds. The company has conducted a tendering process regarding the same. In case of tender, there are certain proceedings should be maintained (Goodall 2015). In case of tender, closing dates are important. Here, it has been observed that the University has mentioned a closing date for the tender and there are three companies, who are applied for the same. The closing date of the tender was 1 June and there was a rule that the tender application must be gone in the tender box. Among the three companies, two companys letter was put in the tender box. However, the application of another company named Enviro was submitted on early basis (Keyes 2017). As per the provision of law, when there is an offer is made for a certain subject and the same be accepted by the other party, there will be a contract in between two rose. The contracting parties must be competent to make the agreement and the eligibility of the parties should not be restricted by any of the provision of the Contract Act (Lam and Lee 2014). The parties should have certain intention to participate in the bid. However, the most important thing regarding the bid or tender is it should be treated as an invitation and not creates any contract thereby. In Pratt Contractor Limited v. Palmerston North City Council, it was held by the court that bids are only an uncomplicated request and not binding the parties in any manner. The main issue is about the contractual positions of all the parties. An offer has been made by the University and it has been observed that three companies had shown their interest in that (McKendrick 2014). There are certain essentials of contract take place, such as offer, acceptance, consideration, capability of the parties. However, an important point is to be taken place regarding the acceptance of the offer of those companies by the University. In this case, the conditions given by Plant Forever had been accepted by University but the same was failed to reach at the company. This act failed to bind the parties legally. Another element of contract is knowledge. But the acts of the parties had failed to meet this ingredient. There is a difference between tender and contract. Tender arose when there is an invitation made and it comprised of certain terms. In the other hand, contract means an agreement that is binding by law. However, in the case of Plant forever, there was no leg al relationship had been made in between the them. The tender conditions of Greenland were lowest in nature and the reputation of the company is also not good. Therefore, the University authorities had not revealed their interest towards the company. In case of the Enviro, it has been observed that the conditions of the company were attracted. There were certain problems cropped up regarding the company. First, the company had posted the tender in a wrong way and the letter of the tender was posted at an early stage. However, the University authority had somehow managed the situation but the administrative assistant had misplaced the letter and therefore, it was not possible for University to make any agreement with Enviro (Morse and Deutsch 2016). Therefore, from the above paragraphs, it is cleared that there are certain differences present in between tender and contract. It can be observed that certain invitation had been made regarding the seeds but there were no agreement made among University and three companies and no legal relationship had been made. Therefore, it can be stated that there were no contract position has ever created in this case. In Australia, there is a law enacted that are deals with the Electronic Transaction enacted in the year 1999 and the case of Footloose attracts the provision of the Act. There are certain provisions regarding the Australian Contract Act that are also applied in this particular case. In Australia, the nature of the laws is common law and the origin of the same derives from English law. In this case, there is a provision on offer and acceptance. According to the common law principle, offer is an invitation made by any competent person at any stage and there is a close distinction between offer and invitation to deal (Ready 2015). In this case, an auction had been made by the Footloose Ltd. in a local paper with certain discounts on shoes. The offer made by the company is a type of offer and the same was posted on 1st October. In the poster, there was a provision regarding the amount of the shoes and the offer made by the company attracted the terms of the tender conditions (Skeel 2014). After the offer had been made by the manufacturing company, two sales companies had accepted the offer. Under the Australian Contract Act, an acceptance can be made by three ways but there is no particular form of acceptance (Smith and Duke 2014). As per the law of England, the acceptance should be made without any coercion or undue influence. As per the statement of the case, on 2nd October, a shoe company revealed its interest against the offer and they announce their willingness regarding the offer to the Sales Manager of Footloose. The offer made by the Footloose Ltd. was public in nature. Therefore, there can be more than one acceptance regarding the same offer (Smith and Duke 2014). On 6th October, another shoe company, James Shoe accepted the offer and followed the same principle as the previous company. The Sales manager of Footloose had responded him back only and a contract made between the two. It is noteworthy that in case of any sale, there must be certain consideration and in this case, the elements of the point have been fulfilled. The consideration item and money, both are stated by the companies and both of them are agreed on it. The proposal made by James was in a written version. In the chapter of acceptance, it is clearly mentioned that an acceptance can be made in three ways among which there is a point on written version. Therefore, it can be stated that the acceptance process of James is acceptable by law. After getting the nod from the Footloose Ltd. James decided to fix a date for the final settlement with the manufacturing company and replied them back on 8th October. In this case, a chain of dates are to be seen. Agreements are made of certain proposals and that are to be consigned by the parties. After the proposal made by James, both the parties had made certain propositions and decided a final date for the contract of those tendered shoes. On 10th October they had came into the conclusion that they should meet somewhere else to finalise the matter and sign the agreement to facilitate the contractual relationship. The case has enlightened the provision of the Electronic Transaction Act 1999 as all the dealings were made by way of Fax (Swain 2014). The provision of the Act applies only where there is an electronic contract is being used. Therefore, it can be stated that the case is attracting certain provisions of the said Act. The Australian Courts are also of the view that online transactions and electronic contract are the two main contents of the Act and the same was proved in a case decision of Australian Communication of Media Authority v. Mobiligated Ltd. (2009). Therefore, from the above named paragraphs, it can be stated that the contract was made in between Footloose and James shoe. The reason behind the same is that the offer or conditions proposed by James was accepted by the shoe manufacturing company and both the parties were ready to made the contract final. A chain of dates are mentioned here in this case and that are of important in nature. Each date prescribe certain events that were attract the provision of the Contract law. Reference: Alexander, D.W. and Merkert, R., 2017. Challenges to domestic air freight in Australia: Evaluating air traffic markets with gravity modelling. Journal of Air Transport Management, 61, pp.41-52. Bailey, J., 2014.Construction Law. Crc Press. Cartwright, J., 2016. Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing. Goodall, H., 2015. Contract gangs: race, gender and vulnerability. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 7(3), pp.23-36. Keyes, M., 2017. Australia: Foreign Law in Australian International Litigation: Developing the Common Law. InTreatment of Foreign Law-Dynamics towards Convergence?(pp. 503-528). Springer, Cham. Lam, T.I.P. and Lee, P., 2014. A comparative study of standard contract conditions for energy performance contracting in Australia, Canada and the United States. Construction law journal. McKendrick, E., 2014. Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Morse, S.C. and Deutsch, R., 2016. Tax Anti-Avoidance Law in Australia and the United States. Ready, K., 2015. Email contracts: Who, what, when and where the formation of binding agreements through email exchanges. Governance Directions, 67(10), p.620. Skeel, D.A., 2014. Corporate Governance and Social Welfare in the Common Law World. Smith, R.L. and Duke, A., 2014. Agreements and competition law in Australia.Competition and Consumer Law Journal,22, pp.54-79. Swain, W., 2014. Contract Codification in Australia: Is It Necessary, Desirable and Possible. Sydney L. Rev., 36, p.131. Vettori, S., 2016. The employment contract and the changed world of work. CRC Press. Westmore, P., 2015. What Australia post can learn from NZ's Kiwibank. News Weekly, (2943), p.24.

Romeo And Juliet Essays (340 words) - English-language Films

Romeo And Juliet ?The Differences? The play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare is a tragic love story. When reading the play it can be very difficult to understand. This is mainly because you are unable to see the setting and the characters. Two producers, Zefirelli and Luhrmann, have created films based on this play. Both films cover the same major elements of the storyline, however each films has distinguishing features. There are many features that differ between the two films. For instance Zefirelli's film was set in the 1500's and Luhrmann's film was set in the 1900's. In Zefirelli's film they used horses for transportation and in Luhrmann's film they used cars. Also in Zefirelli's film Juliet uses Romeo's dagger to kill herself and in Luhrmann's film she uses a gun. Another feature that differs is the fact that when Romeo returns to Verona after being banished in Zefirelli's film no one seems to notice , however in Luhrmann's film the police are chasing after him. There are also many features that are the same in both films. For instance in both films all of the main characters are the same. They also both have the same basic plot. These are just some of the many distinguishing features that are in both of the producers versions of the play. I personally liked Luhrmann's version of the play better because I can relate to it more. Although the language is entirely different it is set in the same times that we live in now. However in Luhrmann's film they seems to leave out and sometimes shorten some of the major parts of the play. I think if you wanted to learn more about the play without reading it you should watch Zefirelli's film. Mainly because it follows the storyline more accurately. However if all you want to do is just get a good idea of the basic storyline and spend an enjoyable evening in front of your television then you should watch Luhrmann's version of the play. Happy watching!!!! Shakespeare Essays

Unrestricted Trade Essay Example

Unrestricted Trade Essay Example Unrestricted Trade Paper Unrestricted Trade Paper Unrestricted International trade is the importing and/or exporting of goods and services between different countries around the world. When international trade is unrestricted it allows access to any or all countries that wish to partake in this style of trade or exchange. Although there are a few downfalls to unrestricted trade, for instance the risk of receiving unsafe items such as; food, toys etc. I do not oppose unrestricted international trade; I am in favor of unrestricted international trade. I personally believe that the overall outcome of unrestricted international trade is exceedingly beneficial for the economy, government, society etc; not only in our country but within other countries as well. I am also for unrestricted trade because it allows for more competition, which is ultimately more satisfying and appeasing to the consumers. If we were limited to only the goods and services that our country could provide, the cost of certain goods or services might be higher than the prices for goods and services that would have been provided by another country. It is my belief that international trade should increase in order to continue globalization. The U. S. has bilateral free trade agreements with 5 countries in the Middle East, and those countries account for 38% of all the trading that takes place in that region. (Shikh, 2008) According to Shikh, Free Trade Agreements (FTA) has proved to be one of the best ways to open foreign markets and the competitive positions between the United States and other countries. I believe that if we have unrestricted international trade we will ultimately become beneficial and profitable. Not only will unrestricted international trade be beneficial to the U. S. but it could possibly make other foreign countries more profitable and beneficial as well. | | Reference: Shaikh, A. (2008) International Trade Administration: Bilateral Accords and U. S. trade with the Middle East. A Track Record of Success.

Food Safety within a Hotel Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Food Safety within a Hotel - Assignment Example The instance is to ensure the possibility of the introduction of hazards that may have a severe effect on both the safety of food and its suitability for consumption by humans (Smulders, 2006). Information relating to the food safety management is primarily from the universal terms; the Safer food, better business (SFBB). The principal significance of SFB is to assist the small businesses in the procedures and the regulations required in ensuring the safety in food production and handling before consumption by human beings (Arduser and Brown, 2005). For this reason, SFB operates through the below subsections as the way of conveying the intended information to the stakeholders handling the foodstuffs before the final human consumption; Safer food, better business for child-minders; that provide the simple, straightforward advice on food safety. For instance, the information pertaining to a child's nutrition, health, and care practices. Safer food, better business for residential care homes; that help the caterers and the staff employed in the residential areas during the preparation and handling of foodstuffs in such places (Andrews, 2011). Safer food, better business for different cuisines, applicable to small catering businesses. For instance, the restaurants and takeaways that only serve specific groups of people such as the Chinese cuisine or Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan cuisines. An organization that produces food substances should be well conversant with the steps required for the control of temperatures of food substances. Consequently, the organization may use the steps below towards realizing the objective of regulating the food temperatures in a control system; The first step should include the development of a temperature monitoring system. In this instance, every staff in the organization should work on his or her assigned task on the regulation of the temperature control system (OFallon, 2011).There is a need to enhance food safety so as to avoid the loss of life lives due to food consumption. For this reason, an organization should consider implementing the suggestions presented in this report so as to realize the objective.

Compensation Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Compensation Practice - Assignment Example We probably heard a typical expression: give and take. We should dependably things to individuals in return for what you issue them. Remuneration alludes to this Exchange, however in fiscal terms. Remuneration from the executive a representative criticism for work. Its simply the money related quality that head honchos trade for their workers with the administrations that representatives gave. Human Resource Management characterizes pay in these words "worker remuneration alludes to all types of compensation to laborers and emerging from their job (Hill & Jones, 2007). In the recent years many organizations including Verizon Communications Inc. have been designing implementing effective reward system demand to clear fit between the compensation strategy and overall business planning. Compensation system can be considered as the collection of pay decision utilized by administration that may under specific conditions influences organizational operations related to payment of workers and compensation of their various activities is done. (Lebow, 2012). Lately, numerous associations including Verizon Communications Inc. have been designing implementing effective reward system demand to clear fit between the compensation strategy and overall business planning (Hill & Jones, 2007). The degree attaining success related to various pay choices is dependent on the contingencies facing the management of question. For the case of Verizon Communications Inc., they Compensation practices are a set of commitments to following better compensation practices to employees. Compensation strategies act as a booster to motivate various employees as they work to achieve the organization goals. This is to say, any organization including Verizon Communications Inc., that have a better compensation strategy have been able to keep their trusted

Music Therapy And Personality Theory Psychology Essay

Music Therapy And Personality Theory Psychology Essay Personality theory is focused on the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of human beings, including their interactions with their social environment (Funder, 1994). From this comment it could be suggested that personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique. In addition to this, Piedmont supports that personality come up from inside the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life  [1]  . Ancient Greeks were the first who talked about personality and the elements that affect it, which are the earth, the water, the air and the fire. Hippocrates and Galen supported that character is attributed to the mixing of the juices that exist in the body, such as blood, yellow and black bile and the phlegm. From this, four types of character are created: the choleric, the melancholic, the sanguine and phlegmatic. During the years, several theories have been developed for identifying the traits and structure of human personality and each of which was influenced by the ideological and methodological background of the founder such as Freud, Cattell, Eysenck, Hartmann, Jung. Although all these considerations have their strengths and manage to significantly penetrate the deeper essence of the concept of personality, nowadays a new theory have been established upon which most modern psychologists of personality seem to agree. This new approach is called Big Five Dimensions and argues th at human personality can be fully described by five key factors. These factors are: Openness to experience: which describes the ability to open and explore unknown situations, to recruit new experiences (imagination, broad range of interests) Conscientiousness: which focuses on whether the conduct of the individual aims to achieve an end and is governed by inner values, standards and ethics(thoughtfulness, organized, planful) Extraversion: which evaluates the quality and intensity of social relationships of individuals (sociability, talkativeness, excitability) Agreeableness: which examines the quality of the relationship of the individual with others and with himself ( trust, altruism, kindness, affection) Neuroticism: which refers to emotional balance and the adjustment of the individual (emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, sadness) Another personality inventory was the one of Eyesenck which measures personality using two scales. Introversion-extraversion, stability-instability. Eysencks theory was based on the four temperaments methodologies, first formalised and popularised by ancient Greeks. According to Eysenck, there are four types of personality. The choleric types are the unstable extraverts and they have qualities such as touchy, aggressive, changeable, optimistic, active, excitable and restless. The melancholic types are the unstable introverts their qualities are such as quiet, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious and moody. Sanguine types are the stable extraverts they are talkative, outgoing, responsive, lively, easygoing, carefree, leadership and sociable. Phlegmatic are the stable introvert and they are calm, even-tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful and passive. It is widely accepted that human behaviour is shaped by the influence of different factors, and this includes a musicians personality as well. Such factors include both genetic and environmental influences. Becoming a musician does not depend on genetic reasons per se or solely on how effective the learning process is. Mainly it is based on a complicated combination of different factors which influence every individual in different proportions. Nearly all researches agree that human traits are jointly determined by both nature and nurture, though they may disagree about the relative contribution of each. (Ceci and Wiliams, 2000). Genetic structure may be a factor that influences someone to become a musician. Some people are born with a music gift and through years in combination with the environment they can develop it. However, the importance of genetic influences decreases over time as individual experiences and social environment becomes more important. Social environment help determine the status of individual, the roles they perform, the duties they are bound by and the privileges they enjoy (Pervin and Jones, 2001). Indeed, the social environment can be a drive wheel for someone to develop a musical gift. By action and by example, parents shape the lives the behavior and the choices of their children from birth through adulthood (Ceci and Williams,1999).  [2]  If the child is raised in a musical environment, with parents musicians or listening to music all the time, then the possibility of becoming a musician is higher. This can also be seen in the past, in Baroque, Classical and Romantic eras, where most famous composers or pianists had great music parental guidance by their musician parents. Also if a child decides to be a musician, he often needs the support of the family in order to maintain his interest in music from an early age. Feltovic (2006) stated that The amount of instrumental practice from an early age is of vit al importance for later musical performance . In addition, if a child is associated with other children related to music, then the possibilities to develop an interest in music are increased. Previous findings on musical development have rarely indicated that learning efficiency is an essential aspect of musical expertise. (Gaunt Hallam, 2009) Indeed, effective learning and a teachers influence also play an important role on childrens performance. Teachers could positively affect the interest of a student for music by offering encouragement, and also negatively discourage a student by failing to support the child properly. The effective learning and good teachers who truly value students might turn children into music For example the teacher can increase the level of interest in music by making music learning more enjoyable for students. Teachers can have a great influence on children thus I believe that if children love the teacher, then they are likely to love music as well. Finally socio- economic conditions and many other unpredictable factors may affect a child positively or negatively to follow a musical path. Music education in developing countries appears not to have been a major priority since the lack of financial resources prevents these countries to meet their citizens educational needs. For example in Africa only 4.6%  [3]  of all schools in the country have music rooms. After analysing the reasons that may influence someone to become a musician instead of another, the next step is to identify possible factors that may determine someones personality after becoming a musician. Does every type of music affect musicians personality the same level? Is each kind of music related to specific emotional characteristics? Research has shown that various aspects of our personality are related to the types of music that we choose (Mitch Beavers and Lauren Mutispaugh). In their research on whether personality predicts music preference, observe that those who listen to classical music appear to be less agreeable and prefer sad music. The same research detects that individuals who listen to heavy metal music were low conscientiousness with low emotional stability. Rentfrow and Gosling (2003) using the Short test of music preference, they concluded that listeners of the same kind of music, had similar characteristics. Country music lovers tend to be low in openness to experiences, but high in conscientiousness. They also appear to prefer music that is simpler in nature. Jazz music lovers are more open to experiences and prefer complex music. Blues music listeners prefer music that is more complex and sad. Folk, rock, and heavy metal tend to prefer more complex music. Pop listeners tend to prefer more simple music. Religious music appears to have higher self-esteem and prefer happy music. Classical music and soundtracks appear to less agreeable and prefer more complex and sad music. Rap and hip-hop seem to be more agreeable, extraverted, and to prefer music that is happy and simple in nature. Heavy metal music appears to be low in both conscientiousness and emotional stability. In a research on Classical music preferences, Burt found that the participants tastes differed according to the extraversion, introversion but also on the emotional stability. In his study, Burt concluded that stable extraverts preferred classical and baroque music (Handel, Verdi, Brahms) which possessed characteristics like solidity, balance, brightness and predictability. On the other hand, stable introverts also preferred classical and baroque period but with a preference on absolute, intellectual and cognitive music like Bach. Moreover, Burt found that unstable extraverts preferred romantic music which has strong contrasts is emotional and vigorous (Wagner, Liszt, Berloz). In contrast, unstable introverts also preferred romantic music but impressionistic and mystical pieces like Debussys, Chopins and Webers (cited in Kemp, 1996).  [4]   According to a research by Delsing, Bogt, Engels and Meeus,  [5]  heavy metal, punk, gothic and rock listeners were found to be related to openness to experience but not to conscientiousness and to extraversion. Jazz, classical and gospel listeners tend to be high on conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience but low on emotional stability. Hip hop, soul, rap trance and techno listeners were found related to extraversion and agreeableness. Finally, a research by Professor Adrian North, notes that heavy metal and classical listeners have similar emotional characteristics since both are creative, calm and unsociable. Furthermore, another factor that determines personality is the kind of gender. Indeed, the effect that music has on personality must be analysed in proportion to the gender of every individual. Even when both man and woman are related to a specific kind of music, it has been noticed that still their personality characteristics are not the same. In a research by Eric Lacourse, Michel Claes and Martin Villeneuve (2001) about heavy metal music and adolescent suicidal risk , it seems that girls fan of this kind of music, are more suicidal than boys. Recently there have been many research efforts on whether musician tend to embody certain personality type. The literature offers some evidence regarding links between personality and musician activity. Wayne Gillespie and Brett Mayors, by examining rock and popular musicians who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and a questionnaire, conclude that Rock musicians share a common profile. Rock musicians were high neurotic, open to experience, average extravert, low agreeable and conscientious. On the other hand, in a research by Dyce and O Connor, concluded that popular musicians are extraverted, emotionally unstable and imaginative. In a research about orchestral instrumentalists, Langendorfer concluded that string players had significant high scores on conscientiousness than woodwind and brass players.  [6]   In his book the musical temperament, Anthony Kemp states that the musicians temperament involves a proclivity to sensitivity, introversion, anxiety, intelligence, and independence (Kemp 1996). Buttsworth and Smith (1995) indicate that performing musicians are more emotionally stable and sensitive. Singers appear to differ from instrumentalists and share personality traits with dancers, such as emotionality and hypochondrias are (Marchant-Haycox Wilson, 1992). In their book Parncutt and Mcpherson  [7]  , state those children who are more introverted, studious and quieter usually tend to prefer string instruments, while more extroverted and socially outgoing prefer brass instruments. Singers also tend to be more extraverted sensitive and imaginative, whereas keyboard players tend to be also extraverted but not as much as the singers and the brass players. CONCLUSSION Music and personality are two issues that cannot be analyzed in a 20 minutes presentation or in a 2000 words essay. This presentation answered three questions that are important as far as concern music and personality. Which factors affect someones personality to become a musician? What types of music do different personalities tend to prefer? Do musicians tend to embody certain personality type? My conclusion is that both nature and nurture, social and musical environment, peers, socio-economic conditions, teachers and effective learning are factors that may influence someone to become a musician. I believe that music do not influence personality, but there is a direct relation between the music we listen and to our personality, which includes our thoughts, lifestyles, places we choose for entertainment, clothes, companionship. Because of our personality we choose certain types of music to listen to or to become musicians of the kind of music that reflects our personality. Of course most musicians have similar elements on their personality like sensitivity, anxiety, introversion, but this is not essential for all. The musicians expresses some feelings or experiences, based from their life, like poorness, parents divorce or even a death of a close person. Some musicians may live the same experiences, but because of the social environment may develop a different type of personality. Through music, the artist communicates his thoughts which will be influenced from the era he lives in. Concluding I believe that if all musicians had the same personality, then music would have been the same.

Android Essay

|Google Android |November 15 | | |2011 | |An operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Developed by the Open |Operating System | |Handset Alliance led by Google. | | Table of Contents Introduction3 About 4 Architecture7 System Threading11 CPU Scheduling 12 Process States14 Memory Management18 Synchronization Techniques19 Event Handling 20 Security21 Networking22 Evaluation23 Bibliography24 Introduction Since its initial launch on the T-Mobile G1 in October of 2008, Google's Android operating system has evolved rapidly, perhaps more rapidly than any other operating system in recent memory, to become one of the most important and prolific smartphone platforms in the market today. The Android OS is the name of the Linux based operating system owned by Google and supported by the Open Handset Alliance. Android is used as an operating system for devices such as cell phones, tablets and netbooks. Google bought the original developer of the software, Android Inc. , in 2005. Android's kernel (core of the OS) was derived from Linux but has been modified by Google developers. Android is also open source, which means developers can customize the OS for different phones and applications. This is why different phones may have different looking graphical interfaces and features even though they are running the same OS. Android OS is completely open source, which means that developers can use the core OS functions to develop applications, unlike iphone OS which is a closed system. About The version history of the Android operating system began with the release of version 1. 0 in September 2008. Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally, each version is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The code names were released in alphabetic order: Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, and Ice Cream Sandwich. Like Apple's Appstore, Google opened its Android market, allowing the apps developers to publish their apps without any restrictions. Unlike Apple's Appstore, Google Android market does not have any restrictions for third party development and will not run an apps approval system. Android is an open source platform. The entire stack, from low-level Linux modules all the way to native libraries, and from the application framework to complete applications, is totally open. More so, Android is licensed under business-friendly licenses (Apache/MIT) so that others can freely extend it and use it for variety of purposes. Even some third-party open source libraries that were brought into the Android stack were rewritten under new license terms. Therefore, every developer has access to the entire platform source code. There are several advantages of the Android OS for developers, besides the fact that it’s completely open source, let’s mention a few: Advantages [pic] †¢ The entire Application framework can be reused and replaced by selective components Wi-Fi network applications support (Depends on hardware) †¢ Dalvik[1] virtual machine enhances the power management systems †¢ Supports 2D and 3D graphics †¢ Supports common media file formats †¢ Reliable and enhanced data storage using SQLite framework[2] †¢ Open source Web-Kit Engine-based web-browser †¢ GPS, Navigational compass, Touch-Unlock, and acceleromet er applications support †¢ Androids development environment includes a device emulator, debugger, performance profiling tool, and an Eclipse IDE plug-in [pic] Logo of Android OS Architecture [pic] The main components of the Android architecture: 1. Applications: These are applications written in Java. Some of basic applications include a calendar, email client, SMS program, maps, making phone calls, accessing the Web browser, accessing your contacts list and others. [pic] 2. Application Framework: This is the skeleton or framework which all android developers has to follow. The developers can access all framework APIs an manage phone’s basic functions like resource allocation, switching between processes or programs, telephone applications, and keeping track of the phone’s physical location. The architecture is well designed to simplify the reuse of components. Think of the application framework as a set of basic tools with which a developer can build much more complex tools. [pic] 3. Libraries: This layer consists of Android libraries written in C, C++, and used by various systems. These libraries tell the device how to handle different kinds of data and are exposed to Android developers via Android Application framework. Some of these libraries include media , graphics, 3D, SQLite, web browser library etc. The Android runtime layer which includes set of core java libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) is also located in same layer. [pic] 4. Runtime Android: This layer includes set of base libraries that are required for java libraries. Every Android application gets its own instance of Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently and it executes files in executable (. Dex) optimized for minimum memory. [pic] 5. Kernel – Linux: This layer includes Android’s memory management programs, security settings, power management software and several drivers for hardware, file system access, networking and inter-process-communication. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between hardware and the rest of the software stack. pic] The basics of the Android kernel are just like any other monolithic architecture, all services (file system, VFS, device drivers, etc. ) as well as core functionality (scheduling, memory allocation, etc) are a tight knit group sharing the same space. The kernel of this system is both a hybrid and a monolithic modular design. It is br oken down into five major subsystems: †¢ Process Scheduler: (SCHED) responsible for controlling process access to the CPU. The scheduler enforces a policy that ensures that processes will have fair access to the CPU, while ensuring that necessary hardware actions are performed by the kernel on time. Memory Manager: (MM) permits multiple processes to securely share the machine's main memory system. In addition, the memory manager supports virtual memory that allows Linux to support processes that use more memory than is available in the system. Unused memory is swapped out to persistent storage using the file system then swapped back in when it is needed. †¢ Virtual File System: (VFS) abstracts the details of the variety of hardware devices by presenting a common file interface to all devices. In addition, the VFS supports several file system formats that are compatible with other operating systems. Network Interface: (NET) provides access to several networking standards an d a variety of network hardware. †¢ Inter-Process Communication: (IPC) subsystem supports several mechanisms for process-to-process communication on a single Linux system. System Threading By default, an Android application runs on a single thread[3]. Single-threaded applications run all commands serially, meaning the next command is not completed until the previous one is done. Another way of saying this is that each call is blocking. This single thread is also known as the UI thread because it’s the thread that processes all the user interface commands as well. The UI thread is responsible for drawing all the elements on the screen as well as processing all the user events, such as touches on the screen, clicks of the button, and so on. Threads may suspend themselves or be suspended either by the Garbage Collector (GC), debugger or the signal monitor thread. The VM controls all the threads through the use of a internal structure where all the created threads are mapped. The GC will only run when all the threads referring to a single process are suspended, in order to avoid inconsistent states. CPU Scheduling The Linux kernel uses the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS), which has the objective of providing balance between tasks assigned to a processor and applies fairness in the way that CPU time is assigned to tasks. This balance guarantees that all the tasks will have the same CPU share and that, each time that unfairness is verified, the algorithm assures that task rebalancing is performed. Although fairness is guaranteed, this algorithm does not provide any temporal guarantees to tasks, and therefore, neither Android does it, as its scheduling operations are delegated to the Linux kernel. Android uses its own VM named Dalvik (see footnote 2), which was specifically developed for mobile devices and considers memory optimization, battery power saving and low frequency CPU. It relies on the Linux kernel for the core operating system features such as memory management and scheduling and, thus, also presents the drawback of not taking any temporal guarantees into consideration. [pic] In terms of execution, the algorithm works as follows: the tasks with lower virtual runtime are placed on the left side of the tree, and the tasks with the higher virtual runtime are placed on the right. This means that the tasks with the highest need for the processor will always be stored on the left side of the tree. Then, the scheduler picks the left-most node of the tree to be scheduled. Each task is responsible for accounting the CPU time taken during execution and adding this value to the previous virtual runtime value. Then, it is inserted back into the tree, if it has not finished yet. With this pattern of execution, it is guaranteed that the tasks contend the CPU time in a fair manner. Another aspect of the fairness of the algorithm is the adjustments that it performs when the tasks are waiting for an I/O device. In this case, the tasks are compensated with the amount of time taken to receive the information they needed to complete its objective. [pic] Since the introduction of the CFS, the concept of scheduling classes was also introduced. Basically, these classes provide the connection between the main generic scheduler functionalities and the specific scheduler classes that implement the scheduling algorithms. This concept allows several tasks to be scheduled differently by using different algorithms for this purpose. Regarding the main scheduler, it is periodic and preemptive. Its periodicity is activated by the frequency of the CPU clock. It allows preemption either when a high priority task needs CPU time or when an interrupt exists. As for task priorities, these can be dynamically modified with the nice command and currently the kernel supports 140 priorities, where the values ranging from 0 to 99 are reserved for real-time processes and the values ranging from 100 to 139 are reserved for normal processes. Process States The order in which processes are killed to reclaim resources is determined by the priority of the hosted applications. An application’s priority is equal to its highest-priority component. Where two applications have the same priority, the process that has been at a lower priority longest will be killed first. Process priority is also affected by interprocess dependencies; if an application has a dependency on a Service or Content Provider supplied by a second application, the secondary application will have at least as high a priority as the application it supports. All Android applications will remain running and in memory until the system needs its resources for other applications. A process has five different states. [pic] †¢ Active Processes Active (foreground) processes are those hosting applications with components currently interacting with the user. These are the processes Android is trying to keep responsive by reclaiming resources. There are generally very few of these processes, and they will be killed only as a last resort. Active processes include: o Activities in an â€Å"active† state; that is, they are in the foreground and responding to user events. You will explore Activity states in greater detail later in this chapter. Activities, Services, or Broadcast Receivers that are currently executing an onReceive event handler. o Services that are executing an onStart, onCreate, or onDestroy event handler. †¢ Visible Processes Visible, but inactive processes are those hosting â€Å"visible† Activities. As the name suggests, visible Activities are visible, but they aren’t in the foreground or responding to user events. Thi s happens when an Activity is only partially obscured (by a non-full-screen or transparent Activity). There are generally very few visible processes, and they’ll only be killed in extreme circumstances to allow active processes to continue. Started Service Processes Processes hosting Services that have been started. Services support ongoing processing that should continue without a visible interface. Because Services don’t interact directly with the user, they receive a slightly lower priority than visible Activities. They are still considered to be foreground processes and won’t be killed unless resources are needed for active or visible processes. †¢ Background Processes Processes hosting Activities that aren’t visible and that don’t have any Services that have been started are considered background processes. There will generally be a large number of background processes that Android will kill using a last-seen-first-killed pat- tern to obtain resources for foreground processes. †¢ Empty Processes To improve overall system performance, Android often retains applications in memory after they have reached the end of their lifetimes. Android maintains this cache to improve the start-up time of applications when they’re re-launched. These processes are routinely killed as required. State Diagram [pic] Memory Management Android’s process and memory management is a little unusual. Like Java and . NET, Android uses its own run time and virtual machine to manage application memory. Unlike either of these frameworks, the Android run time also manages the process lifetimes. Android ensures application responsiveness by stopping and killing processes as necessary to free resources for higher-priority applications. Each Android application runs in a separate process within its own Dalvik instance, relinquishing all responsibility for memory and process management to the Android run time, which stops and kills processes as necessary to manage resources. Dalvik and the Android run time sit on top of a Linux kernel that handles low-level hardware interaction including drivers and memory management, while a set of APIs provides access to all of the under- lying services, features, and hardware. Synchronization Techniques Regarding synchronization, Android uses its own implementation of libc – named bionic. Bionic has its own implementation of the pthread library and it does not support process-shared mutexes and condition variables. However, thread mutexing and thread condition variables are supported in a limited manner. Currently, inter-process communication is handled by Open-Binder. In terms of real-time limitations, the mechanisms provided by the architecture do not solve the old problems related with priority inversion. Therefore, synchronization protocols such as priority ceiling and inheritance are not implemented. Event Handling In terms of interrupt/event handling, these are performed by the kernel via device drivers. Afterwards, the kernel is notified and then is responsible for notifying the application waiting for that specific interrupt/event. None of the parts involved in the handling has a notion of the time restrictions available to perform its operations. This behavior becomes more serious when considering interrupts. In Linux the interrupts are the highest priority tasks, and therefore, this means that a high priority task can be interrupted by the arrival of an interrupt. This is considered a big drawback, as it is not possible to make the system totally predictable. Security Android has a unique security model, which focuses on putting the user in control of the device. Android devices however, don’t all come from one place, the open nature of the platform allows for proprietary extensions and changes. These extensions can help or could interfere with security, being able to analyze a distribution of Android is therefore an important step in protecting information on that system. Android applications run in a sandbox, an isolated area of the operating system that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access permissions are granted by the user when the application is installed. Before installing an application, Android Market displays all required permissions. A game may need to enable vibration, for example, but should not need to read messages or access the phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can decide whether to install the application. Networking Android supports connectivity technologies including Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)[4], Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)[5], Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN)[6], Code division multiple access (CDMA)[7], Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO)[8], Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)[9], Bluetooth[10], Wi-Fi[11], LTE[12], (Near field communication) NFC[13] and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)[14]. Evaluation Mobile software development has evolved incredibly over time, giving us the power of not having to carry our laptop everywhere, or waiting to get home to access our networks or documents, 3G and 4G speeds directly on our phones give us that power, making mobile devices the most popular way to stay connected, as speeds are comparable to standard net speeds. Android has emerged as a new mobile development platform, building on past successes and avoiding past failures of other platforms. The android OS is an open source, meaning that is freely available to anyone who wishes to learn it. Google has opened up the software to creativity, because now we all have access to learning the development process. Hackers, coders, and all techy gurus have created a plethora of net-libraries ranging from support groups, forums and websites to further help newbies in the process. Android was designed to empower developers to think creatively by giving them almost absolute power over creating innovative applications. Bibliography Android Developers. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . Burnette, Ed. Hello, Android: Introducing Google's Mobile Development Platform. Raleigh, NC: Pragmatic helf, 2010. Print. Burns, Jesse. â€Å"DEVELOPING SECURE MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR ANDROID. † DEVELOPING SECURE MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR ANDROID (2008). Print. Linux. com | The Source for Linux Information. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . Maia, Claudio, Luis Nogueira, and Luis Pinho. â€Å"Evaluating Android OS for Embedded Real-Time Systems. † Print. â€Å"Memory Management in Android  « Welcome to Mobile World !!! † Welcome to Mobile World !!! Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . Shevchenko, Aleksey. â€Å"Application Handling of Database Timeouts and Deadlocks – Developer. om. † Developer. com: Your Home for Java and Open Source Development Knowledge. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"White Paper Android by 2012, Android OS, Android SDK. † Upload & Share PowerPoint Presentations and Documents. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. . ———————– [1]A Java interpreter machine, completely optimized for Android platform a nd which is developed to run on low-end memory mobile devices. One of the prominent aspects in Dalvik is its capability to run along an application compilation enhancing the runtime performance of the applications. Dalvik is not exactly, a Java machine, because Dalvik could not read Java code, but consists its own byte code called â€Å"dex† and so the executable files compacted using Dalvik holds the file type name ‘. dex'. Google states that the credit for Androids successful development goes to Dalvik VM, because this type of virtual machine, delivers a good performance over various stages of an application runtime environment, conserving more battery-power during long run of an application. [2] An embedded relational database management system contained in a elatively small (~275 kB) C programming library. The source code for SQLite is in the public domain. [3] Processing of one command at a time [4] A standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or â€Å"2G†) digital cellular networks [5] A digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-com patible extension of GSM. [6] A mobile telecommunications technology, developed by Motorola, which provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular telephone 7] A channel access method used by various radio communication technologies [8] A telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access [9] A third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard [10] Technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security 11] A mechanism for wirelessly connecting electronic devices [12] A preliminary mobile communication standard, formally submitted as a candidate 4G system [13] NFC allows for simplified transactions, data exchange, and wireless connections between two devices in proximity to e ach other, usually by no more than a few centimeters [14] A communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas

Pategonia’s Expansion Strategy Essay

1. Patagonia’s Current Strategy: Key Processes and Customer Perception In the context of our business model our number one key process is our Rules and Norms (a complete breakdown of Patagonia’s current business model and a to-be-proposed business model are available for review in Exhibit I). This ethos that started with the founding of Chouinard Equipment continued through the creation of Lost Arrow and indeed Patagonia. Our self-proclaimed â€Å"dirtbag† culture has resulted in some unorthodox business practices over the years. We pride ourselves on our efforts to reduce the social and environmental impact of the lifetime of the goods and services we produce. This is something that our competitors recognize but do not focus efforts on; for us it is of the utmost importance. I took this liberty to draft a Customer Value Proposition (CVP) for our current model: â€Å"We provide high quality, durable outdoor athletic clothing and accessories that are produced with a high standard for environmental and social impact. We make the products that we want to use.† To extrapolate on the latter portion of our CVP, we expect our employees to not only share in the environmental and social consciousness that Mr Chouinard has weaved into the culture of Patagonia but we expect employees to be users of our products as well. This gives us an incredible insight into the functionality and durability of our products. This is exemplified in our generous sabbaticals and midday surfing breaks at our corporate headquarters. Additional insight in this regard is provided by our investment in brand ambassadors, who also provide us with the core of our visual marketing in our catalogs, our website, and social media. In order of volume we move our products through three main channels: wholesale, retail, catalog/internet. In order of profitability the channels are arranged as such retail, catalog/internet[1], and wholesale. There is an additional product repair arm of Patagonia’s structure that at the moment is not profitable. Our commitment to the ethical fiber that binds the core of what Patagonia as a brand stands for results in a product that comes at a premium price, however we believe that the money you spend on Patagonia products is a contribution to our commitment for care when it comes to the environments and social spheres within which we operate. So far we have seen success as shown below. 2. Financial Review of Current Business Model The competition analysis in Exhibit III outlines our industries averages for financial health. It would seem that our â€Å"dirtbag† approach to business has boded well for us over the last ten years. While our total market share (annual sales) is far below the industry average over all the company is making money. Our gross profit margin is over 6% higher than the industry average and our pre-tax profit margin is right in line with the industry average. While Patagonia’s ROE and ROA are below the industry average it is not my much and our debt to equity ratio is far below the industry average. So while we holds more equity and assets on hand than our competitors we has enough liquid cash flow to finance operations without having to incur much debt. Our 12 month revenue growth is trending along with the industry however our 12 month net growth income is nearly 13% higher than our competitors. Thus while we are experiencing growth that is on par with the industry we are experiencing a downward turn in our operating and/or material costs. It should be noted that the information here is of companies who compete in our industry but not exclusively. Columbia is the competitor that competes most directly with our niche in the industry and on every account except for debt/equity our numbers are favorable and even in the case of debt/equity the difference is negligible. The standards for philanthropy and an ethical purview for production and material sourcing at Patagonia are much higher than the industry average. We donate 1% of gross sales to environmental initiatives and causes, and our COGS are higher than competitors as a result of our ethical stance. However, once again (as shown in Lost Arrow: Financials, Exhibit III) we have been operating in the black for the last decade. This may also be explained by our company ethic. We focus on a curbing of consumption and that focus has limited how much we are willing to spend on advertizing. Conversely our competition holds advertisement as a high priority when establishing sales and brand. This observation is not trivial and could more than account for the balance between our costs and those of our competitors. 3. Moving Forward As discussed the current model for Patagonia works. You can be a â€Å"dirtbag† and make make money. The question is how do we continue on with the goal of 10% growth per year for the next five years? Whatever we choose we must operate within that moral fiber that helped us to achieve who we are today. Following are two suggestions for how to move forward, one uses our current business model, the other proposes a change. Please reference Exhibit I for business model analysis and Exhibit II for strategy. Strategy: Current Business Model Tactic One: A Focus on Retail – Our best margins are derived from retail sales however this accounts for just one third of our sales volume. The best type of marketing asset we have are our retail employees. Our Dirtbag Ambassadors are out there skiing, snowboarding, climbing, camping, bouldering, and living the life that Patagonia wants to be an integral part of. We must expand our retail channel and focus on those areas where dirtbags convene. A quick review of the 26 stores in the United States can be found in Exhibit V. Portland, Seattle, St. Paul, Chicago, Atlanta, DC. Sure dirtbags live in cities but where are our stores in Telluride, Tahoe, Bend, Cheyenne, or Buffalo? An expansion of our retail stream increases profitability as well as the reach of our marketing, the Patagonia way. These are the places our competitors don’t wants stores for lack of traffic, but our stores are more than commerce they are community centers for dirtbags. Tactic Two: Research and Development – Our industry ethic has produced one of the best research and development laboratories in the industry. We can leverage this in two ways. First and foremost we must fund research to produce material with the ethical and physical integrity that also helps lower our gross margins. We have pioneered ethical durable material in the industry, now we must find a way to do so cheaper. Doing so would open up the market for those dirtbags who dont have as much money and would normally go to a competitor based on price point. Second we hold patents for these materials we could offer to sell material to other outdoor companies, or begin a joint venture. In either of these cases we must make sure that the material we produced is being utilized in an end product that is up to the standards of Patagonia. Strategy Two: A New Business Model There comes a time in a business’ life when you have to ask: While what we are doing has worked, how long will it work? To achieve the goal of 10% growth per year we may have to think outside of our wheelhouse and think about how committed we are to our ethical and social standards. As long as we continue to produce more clothing people will buy it. As it stands our customer base has expendable income. How can we convince them to only buy what we need? Through an expansion of our clothing repair services and clothing swap market. A case is made for the business model change in Exhibit I. Tactic One: Expansion of Repair and Retail – It is not our goal to abandon what has made Patagonia the company it is today, thus once again we will need to expand retail stores however we do so in a way that will facilitate clothing repair. Each store should have a mending workshop staffed and equipped to repair what comes their way. To really take advantage of this service we must willing to mend non-Patagonia clothing. This will do two things: it will reduce the overall number of unnecessary purchases in our market and it will introduce people to the Patagonia lifestyle through our retail store. These store can also facilitate a recycling program for those articles of gear that are beyond repair. Something as simple as an in store credit can get people who would otherwise go to Nike experience Patagonia C&A. Additionally the expanded retail presence will be an opportunity to create a network for clothing swaps Tactic Two: Expansion of Internal Repair – Expand the repair infrastructure behind retail presence. That is to say, as opposed to expanding retail and having repair work centers in-store, invest in larger repair facilities that stores can send garments to. In our current business model we are reaching critical mass with regard to how much clothing repair we can handle. If we strategically place lager facilities near our exiting stores we can handle this work load our selves. This also ensures that the materials and process of clothing repair is within the ethical conduct of our company without having to do audits of our outsourced partners. The clothing repair infrastructure for our market is basically nonexistent at this point and with research and development focused on this new business model we can create and dominate this market. This will once again involve repairing more than just Patagonia products but in the end that’s what this business model is about. To survive and grow into the next decade we must not just reduce the consumption of our customer base but we must reduce the consumption of our competitors as well. When a dirtbag holds on to a coat for another year he helps reduce Patagonia’s impact on the earth and its inhabitants. When Patagonia repairs a Columbia or North Face coat and it lasts for another year we have slowed the consumption of unethically produced clothes and possibly created another dirtbag. Exhibit I: Four Components of Business Model Framework (Johnson, Christensen, Kagerman) Customer value proposition (CVP): Current: Providing high quality durable outdoor athletic clothing and accessories (C&A) produced with a high standard for environmental and social impact. Proposed: In addition to production, engage the consumer in the environmental and social impact of their outdoor athletic C&A by involving them in the maintenance/repair/swap of C&A. Profit formula: Revenue model: Current: Standard industry mark up on goods sold. Proposed: Lower the price of goods sold and charge a small fee for repairs or continue with current price structure charge cost for repairs of Patagonia clothing/accessories, charge premium repair rates for non-Patagonia clothing and accessory repair. Cost structure: Current: COGS = 80% materials 20% parts with a wholesale margin of 45% and a retail margin of 65% Proposed: A modified cost structure that emphasizes retail sales and profits off of repairs Margin model: Current: Largest channel of sales in wholesale 44%, second retail 33%, and finally Catalog/internet 23% Proposed: Shift focus from wholesale to retail/catalog/internet sales, add additional emphasis on repair cost structure for maximum profitability Resource velocity: Current: In general keeping inventory exhausts resources, something which Patagonia wants to minimize. Thus production should match as close to demand as possible. Assets should be available, although they do not need to be incredibly liquid. Proposed: Same as current model. Key resources. Current: People: There is a certain type of person who works for Patagonia. Ideally a person who works at Patagonia is the ideal consumer of their goods. Brand: With a strong brand associated with high environmental and social standards combined with a strong dislike of standard advertising channels for the industry the reputation Patagonia’s brand has gained is remarkable (this is achieved through the people they employ as well). Technology: Their ethical commitment to responsible sourcing and production has resulted in some profitable patents of great C&A material. Proposed: The current Key Resources should not be lost but the Technology will shift to the new business model – a focus on materials , threads, and substances for repair. Additionally there would be a re-purposing of Facilities to reflect this model change as well. Key processes. Current: Rules and Norms: Patagonia’s Rules and Norms inform every aspect of their business and it is no different when it comes to their Key Processes. So while manufacturing, service, and training are all important, it all comes down to the Rules and Norms. Propsed: This would not change. When a new business model is needed. 1. The opportunity to address through disruptive innovation the needs of large groups of potential customers who are shut out of a market entirely because existing solutions are too expensive or complicated for them. The product repair market is just this. As it stands now such jackets tend to be luxury purchases as they hobbies they are designed for are not generally cheap ones to keep. 2. The opportunity to capitalize on a brand new technology by wrapping a new business model around it or the opportunity to leverage a tested technology by bringing it to a whole new market Patagonia isn’t capitalizing on a new technology when it comes to C&A per se but the market could motivate their R&D department to develop a technology that could be incorporated into the repair model. 3. The opportunity to bring a job-to-be done focus where one does not yet exist The expansion of clothing repair for Patagonia and other non-Patagonia C&A provides a real opportunity for an existing market that consumers may not know they need. It creates a job to be done (clothing repair as opposed to replacement). 4. The need to fend off low-end disrupters. Patagonia would be a low end disrupter in the repair market; repair is cheaper than replacement. 5. The need to respond to a shifting basis of competition. Patagonia would be shifting the basis of competition.